{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:26:57Z","timestamp":1762342017623,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the transmission pathways of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will aid in developing effective therapies directed at the virus\u2019s life cycle or its side effects. While severe respiratory distress is the most common symptom of a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection, the virus is also known to cause damage to almost every major organ and system in the body. However, it is not obvious whether pathological changes in extra-respiratory organs are caused by direct infection, indirect, or combination of these effects. In this narrative review, we first elaborate on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, followed by the mechanisms of this virus on various organs such as brain, eye, and olfactory nerve and different systems such as the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:28:09Z","timestamp":1677551289000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Latest Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 on Non-Lung Organs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9932-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Askari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9122-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Rabiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Lohrasbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Ghadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Ghasemi-Kasman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) during the outbreak period","volume":"28","author":"Ozma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infez. 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