{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:27:07Z","timestamp":1791919627535,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82071186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071186"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFA1105300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1105300"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LKZ2023014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKZ2023014"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University","award":["82071186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071186"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University","award":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University","award":["2022YFA1105300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1105300"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Trials from the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University","award":["LKZ2023014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKZ2023014"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["82071186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071186"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFA1105300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1105300"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["LKZ2023014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKZ2023014"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Senior Health Project","award":["82071186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071186"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Senior Health Project","award":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-LCYG-MS-05"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Senior Health Project","award":["2022YFA1105300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1105300"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Senior Health Project","award":["LKZ2023014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LKZ2023014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) causes extensive neural network dysfunction. Memantine and donepezil are commonly used as monotherapy or in combination with non-drug interventions, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), for its treatment. However, no studies have reported any differences between the effects of combined neurotransmitter and rTMS interventions versus rTMS alone on the brain networks of patients with cognitive impairment. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the advantages of different intervention methods to guide clinical practice. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to investigate the impact of neurotransmitter superimposed rTMS and rTMS alone on the brain functional network of patients with cognitive impairment. We divided patients with cognitive impairment who had received rTMS into two groups based on whether they received neurotransmitters: the combined intervention group and the rTMS-alone intervention group. We conducted rs-fMRI scans and comprehensively assessed cognitive function in these patients. To examine the effects of the superimposed interventions, we utilized independent component analysis to evaluate the functional connectivity of brain networks in these patients. Compared to the rTMS-alone intervention group, co-intervention of neurotransmitter drugs and rTMS exhibited potential for cognitive enhancement via the reconstructed inter-network connectivity of the cerebellum and the enhanced intra-network connectivity of the frontal-parietal regions in these patients with cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that the combination of neurotransmitter drugs and rTMS intervention could have greater clinical benefits than rTMS intervention alone, leading to improved cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T02:28:09Z","timestamp":1677551289000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Combined Intervention of rTMS and Neurotransmitter Drugs on the Brain Functional Networks in Patients with Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mengyun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianlian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jangsu University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruomeng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7938-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jangsu University, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"Geriatric Medicine Center, Affiliated Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520410048025","article-title":"Age-specific incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in a community population","volume":"273","author":"Hebert","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24183","article-title":"Altered intra- and inter-network functional coupling of resting-state networks associated with motor dysfunction in stroke","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. 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