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Rehabilitation is the essential treatment for post-stroke patients suffering from functional impairments, through which hemiparesis, aphasia, dysphagia, unilateral neglect, depression, and cognitive dysfunction can be restored to various degrees. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a popular neuromodulatory technology of rehabilitation focusing on the local cerebral cortex, which can improve clinical functions by regulating the excitability of corresponding neurons. Increasing evidence has been obtained from the clinical application of NIBS, especially repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). However, without a standardized protocol, existing studies on NIBS show a wide variation in terms of stimulation site, frequency, intensity, dosage, and other parameters. Its application for neurorehabilitation in post-stroke patients is still limited. With advances in neuronavigation technologies, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and functional MRI, specific brain regions can be precisely located for stimulation. On the basis of our further understanding on neural circuits, neuromodulation in post-stroke rehabilitation has also evolved from single-target stimulation to co-stimulation of two or more targets, even circuits and the network. The present study aims to review the findings of current research, discuss future directions of NIBS application, and finally promote the use of NIBS in post-stroke rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T02:07:38Z","timestamp":1678154858000},"page":"451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Noninvasive Brain Stimulation for Neurorehabilitation in Post-Stroke Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Kun-Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Jia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zong-Lei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mou-Xiong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Yun","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9405-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-Guang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14451","article-title":"Bi-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation for upper-limb hemiparesis in acute stroke: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Bolognini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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