{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:14:42Z","timestamp":1791407682326,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main histopathological hallmarks of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the loss of neuromelanin as a consequence of decreased dopamine synthesis. The destruction of the striatal dopaminergic pathway and blocking of striatal dopamine receptors cause motor deficits in humans and experimental animal models induced by some environmental agents. In addition, neuropsychiatric symptoms such as mood and anxiety disorders, hallucinations, psychosis, cognitive impairment, and dementia are common in PD. These alterations may precede the appearance of motor symptoms and are correlated with neurochemical and structural changes in the brain. This paper reviews the most crucial pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric alterations in PD. It is worth noting that PD patients have global task learning deficits, and cognitive functions are compromised in a way is associated with hypoactivation within the striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior frontal sulcus regions. An appropriate and extensive neuropsychological screening battery in PD must accurately assess at least five cognitive domains with some tests for each cognitive domain. This neuropsychological screening should consider the pathophysiological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive dysfunction in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:05:23Z","timestamp":1679285123000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Neurocognitive Psychiatric and Neuropsychological Alterations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Basic and Clinical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor Alberto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Usigli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Clinic of Movements Disorders, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genaro Gabriel","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Clinic of Movements Disorders, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Charles-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8321-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Alberto","family":"Mireles-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Clinic of Movements Disorders, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferm\u00edn Paul","family":"Pacheco-Mois\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca Miriam de Guadalupe","family":"Torres-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Division of Neurosciences, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 de Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Lucero del Carmen","family":"Delgado-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2299-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Javier","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Jirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosciences, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Parkinson, J. 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