{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:35:05Z","timestamp":1790807705286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Felicia and Jean-Jacques Lopez-Loreta Foundation"},{"name":"BPI France bourse French Tech Emergence"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The understanding of tinnitus has always been elusive and is largely prevented by its intrinsic heterogeneity. To address this issue, scientific research has aimed at defining stable and easily identifiable subphenotypes of tinnitus. This would allow better disentangling the multiple underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of tinnitus. In this study, three-dimensionality reduction techniques and two clustering methods were benchmarked on a database of 2772 tinnitus patients in order to obtain a reliable segmentation of subphenotypes. In this database, tinnitus patients\u2019 endotypes (i.e., parts of a population with a condition with distinct underlying mechanisms) are reported when diagnosed by an ENT expert in tinnitus management. This partial labeling of the dataset enabled the design of an original semi-supervised framework. The objective was to perform a benchmark of different clustering methods to get as close as possible to the initial ENT expert endotypes. To do so, two metrics were used: a primary one, the quality of the separation of the endotypes already identified in the database, as well as a secondary one, the stability of the obtained clusterings. The relevance of the results was finally reviewed by two ENT experts in tinnitus management. A 20-cluster clustering was selected as the best-performing, the most-clinically relevant, and the most-stable through bootstrapping. This clustering used a T-SNE method as the dimensionality reduction technique and a k-means algorithm as the clustering method. The characteristics of this clustering are presented in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T02:03:53Z","timestamp":1680055433000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparing Clustering Methods Applied to Tinnitus within a Bootstrapped and Diagnostic-Driven Semi-Supervised Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Guillard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Siopi, 15 rue des Halles, 75001 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hessas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siopi, 15 rue des Halles, 75001 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Korczowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Siopi, 15 rue des Halles, 75001 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Londero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service ORL et CCF, H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en G.-Pompidou, AP-HP, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Congedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-Lab, University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Loche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service d\u2019ORL, H\u00f4pital Claude Huriez, CHU Lille 59000, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 1\u2014Tinnitus and Tinnitus Disorder: Theoretical and Operational Definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"Volume 260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tinnitus\u2014An Interdisciplinary Approach Towards Individualized Treatment: From Heterogeneity to Personalized Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2189","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Incidence of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jarach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60142-7","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"382","author":"Baguley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00053","article-title":"Editorial: Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity","volume":"11","author":"Cederroth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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