{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:16:01Z","timestamp":1787505361214,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking into account heterogeneity has been highly recommended in tinnitus studies both to disentangle all diverse factors that can contribute to their complexity and to design personalized treatments. To this aim, a heterogeneous sample of 270 tinnitus subjects is analyzed considering the gender (male\/female), hearing condition (hearing-impaired\/normal-hearing), and tinnitus severity (compensated\/decompensated) subgroups. Two categorical variables (tinnitus laterality and tinnitus sound type) and four quantitative variables (average auditory threshold, age of tinnitus onset, tinnitus frequency, and tinnitus severity) are used. The percentages (for categorical variables) and mean values (for quantitative variables) of the whole sample are compared with these of each subgroup. Furthermore, correlational and hypothesis testing is applied to calculate the correlation coefficients and statistical significance, respectively. The results show that the male and female subgroups contrast in the sound type and frequency of their tinnitus, hearing-impaired and normal-hearing individuals differ, in addition, in their average auditory threshold, and the compensated\/decompensated tinnitus subgroup provides significantly distinct values in tinnitus laterality and tinnitus sound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T02:29:15Z","timestamp":1681352955000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Heterogeneous Sample of a Spanish Tinnitus Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7729-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.12.002","article-title":"Tinnitus and tinnitus disorder: Theoretical and operational definitions (an international multidisciplinary proposal)","volume":"260","author":"Schlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. 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The Neuroscience of Tinnitus, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199605606.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rawashdeh, B.M., Qaswal, A.B., Suleiman, A., Zayed, F.M., Al-Rawashdeh, S.M., Tawalbeh, M., Khreesha, L., Alzubaidi, A., Al-Zubidi, E., and Ghala, Z. (2022). The Quantum Tunneling of Ions Model Can Explain the Pathophysiology of Tinnitus. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040426"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genitsaridi, E., Hoare, D.J., Kypraios, T., and Hall, D.A. (2020). A Review and a Framework of Variables for Defining and Characterizing Tinnitus Subphenotypes. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120938"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hiller, W., Goebel, G., Svitak, M., Sch\u00e4tz, M., and Janca, A. (1999, January 5\u20139). Association between tinnitus and the diagnostic concept of somatoform disorders. 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