{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:20:58Z","timestamp":1782969658439,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Medical Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health","award":["ZDA2020019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDA2020019"]}]},{"name":"the Medical Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health","award":["GN-2020R0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN-2020R0013"]}]},{"name":"the Medical Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health","award":["HIGHER202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIGHER202102"]}]},{"name":"the Medical Scientific Research Project of Jiangsu Commission of Health","award":["2021ZD0201807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0201807"]}]},{"name":"the Stroke Prevention Project of the National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["ZDA2020019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDA2020019"]}]},{"name":"the Stroke Prevention Project of the National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["GN-2020R0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN-2020R0013"]}]},{"name":"the Stroke Prevention Project of the National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["HIGHER202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIGHER202102"]}]},{"name":"the Stroke Prevention Project of the National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2021ZD0201807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0201807"]}]},{"name":"the Health China BuChang ZhiYuan Public welfare projects for Heart and brain health","award":["ZDA2020019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDA2020019"]}]},{"name":"the Health China BuChang ZhiYuan Public welfare projects for Heart and brain health","award":["GN-2020R0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN-2020R0013"]}]},{"name":"the Health China BuChang ZhiYuan Public welfare projects for Heart and brain health","award":["HIGHER202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIGHER202102"]}]},{"name":"the Health China BuChang ZhiYuan Public welfare projects for Heart and brain health","award":["2021ZD0201807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0201807"]}]},{"name":"the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Program of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Research","award":["ZDA2020019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDA2020019"]}]},{"name":"the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Program of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Research","award":["GN-2020R0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GN-2020R0013"]}]},{"name":"the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Program of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Research","award":["HIGHER202102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIGHER202102"]}]},{"name":"the National Science and Technology Innovation 2030-Major Program of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Research","award":["2021ZD0201807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0201807"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) is the most important and popular vessel wall imaging technique for the direct assessment of vessel wall and cerebral arterial disease. It can identify the cause of stroke in high-risk plaques and differentiate the diagnosis of head and carotid artery dissection, including inflammation, Moya Moya disease, cerebral aneurysm, vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, blunt cerebrovascular injury, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, and other stenosis or occlusion conditions. Through noninvasive visualization of the vessel wall in vitro, quantified assessment of luminal stenosis and pathological features of the vessel wall can provide clinicians with further disease information. In this report, technical considerations of HRMRI are discussed, and current clinical applications of HRMRI are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Role of High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cerebrovascular Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8456-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-8009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junshan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.12.072","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Prevention of ischemic Stroke and Cerebral hemorrhage: Jacc Focus Seminar","volume":"75","author":"Diener","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142019 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001609","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1001609","article-title":"Recurrent Stroke Risk in Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"13","author":"Ballout","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.10.088","article-title":"High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerosis Identifies Vulnerable Carotid Plaques","volume":"57","author":"Millon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312020","article-title":"High-Resolution Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging: Imaging Beyond the Lumen","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.664680","article-title":"High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Emerging Tool for Evaluating Intracranial Arterial Disease","volume":"44","author":"Bodle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4201.097839","article-title":"In Vivo Accuracy of Multispectral Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Identifying Lipid-Rich Necrotic Cores and Intraplaque Hemorrhage in Advanced Human Carotid Plaques","volume":"104","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.9.FOCUS19599","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Vessel Wall Imaging in Cerebrovascular Diseases","volume":"47","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4893","article-title":"Intracranial Vessel Wall Mri: Principles and Expert Consensus Recommendations of the American Society of Neuroradiology","volume":"38","author":"Mandell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2021). Targeting the Culprit: Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluating Stroke. Ann. Clin. Neurophysiology, 23, 17\u201328.","DOI":"10.14253\/acn.2021.23.1.17"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.3772","article-title":"Effect of Hemodynamics on Stroke Risk in Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Vertebrobasilar Occlusive Disease","volume":"73","author":"Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.020840","article-title":"Hemodynamic Markers in the Anterior Circulation as Predictors of Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Intracranial Stenosis","volume":"50","author":"Wabnitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21284","article-title":"High Signal Intensity Halo around the Carotid Artery on Maximum Intensity Projection Images of Time-of-Flight Mr Angiography: A New Sign for Intraplaque Hemorrhage","volume":"27","author":"Yim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging JMRI"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.03.074","article-title":"Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque: Part I: Evolving Concepts","volume":"46","author":"Fuster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035655","article-title":"Intraplaque Hemorrhage and Progression of Coronary Atheroma","volume":"349","author":"Kolodgie","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000125856.25309.86","article-title":"Hemorrhage in the Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque: A High-Resolution Mri Study","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074222.61572.44","article-title":"Characterization of Complicated Carotid Plaque with Magnetic Resonance Direct Thrombus Imaging in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"107","author":"Moody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22626","article-title":"Middle Cerebral Artery Intraplaque Hemorrhage: Prevalence and Clinical Relevance","volume":"71","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.5.1355","article-title":"A Definition of Advanced Types of Atherosclerotic Lesions and a Histological Classification of Atherosclerosis: A Report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis. American Heart Association","volume":"92","author":"Stary","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.127969","article-title":"Characterisation of Carotid Atheroma in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients Using High Resolution Mri","volume":"79","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000149867.61851.31","article-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Carotid Plaque Composition by in Vivo Mri","volume":"25","author":"Saam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.583534","article-title":"Basilar Artery Atherosclerotic Plaques in Paramedian and Lacunar Pontine Infarctions: A High-Resolution Mri Study","volume":"41","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90657-2","article-title":"Characterization of the Relative Thrombogenicity of Atherosclerotic Plaque Components: Implications for Consequences of Plaque Rupture","volume":"23","author":"Badimon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2004.05.001","article-title":"Multi-Sequence in Vivo Mri Can Quantify Fibrous Cap and Lipid Core Components in Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques","volume":"28","author":"Trivedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10264","article-title":"In Vivo Accuracy of Multisequence Mr Imaging for Identifying Unstable Fibrous Caps in Advanced Human Carotid Plaques","volume":"17","author":"Mitsumori","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging JMRI"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.9.959","article-title":"Visualization of Fibrous Cap Thickness and Rupture in Human Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque in Vivo with High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"102","author":"Hatsukami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.035","article-title":"In Vivo High-Resolution Mr Imaging of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Middle Cerebral Artery Atherosclerotic Stenosis","volume":"212","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"859","article-title":"Vessel Wall Mri Characteristics of Endovascularly Treated Aneurysms: Association with Angiographic Vasospasm","volume":"131","author":"Huynh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3909","article-title":"High-Resolution Mri Vessel Wall Imaging: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Central Nervous System Vasculitis","volume":"35","author":"Obusez","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002549","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler Microemboli Monitoring for Stroke Risk Stratification in Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury","volume":"45","author":"Bonow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019918824796","article-title":"Vessel Wall Enhancement of a Ruptured Intra-Nidal Aneurysm in a Brain Arteriovenous Malformation","volume":"25","author":"Bhogal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000084","article-title":"High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Intracranial Aneurysms and Brain Arteriovenous Malformations","volume":"25","author":"Matouk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging TMRI"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.038","article-title":"Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque Composition and Incident Stroke and Coronary Events","volume":"77","author":"Bos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.589044","article-title":"Histological Assessment of 526 Symptomatic Carotid Plaques in Relation to the Nature and Timing of Ischemic Symptoms: The Oxford Plaque Study","volume":"113","author":"Redgrave","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.10.003","article-title":"Reproducibility of High-Resolution Mri for the Middle Cerebral Artery Plaque at 3t","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2009.11.020","article-title":"Advanced Carotid Plaque Imaging","volume":"39","author":"Hermus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.016","article-title":"Predictors of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression as Measured by Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"194","author":"Saam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.504167","article-title":"Presence of Intraplaque Hemorrhage Stimulates Progression of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"111","author":"Takaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.249","article-title":"Effects of Lipid-Lowering by Simvastatin on Human Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Longitudinal Study by High-Resolution, Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"104","author":"Corti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1161\/hq1001.098463","article-title":"Effects of Prolonged Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy on the Characteristics of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques in Vivo by Mri: A Case-Control Study","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.11.018","article-title":"Effect of Rosuvastatin Therapy on Carotid Plaque Morphology and Composition in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Patients: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Trial","volume":"155","author":"Underhill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00376-8","article-title":"Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1018","article-title":"Middle Cerebral Artery Plaque and Prediction of the Infarction Pattern","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031480","article-title":"Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7004","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08893-2","article-title":"The Mri Enhancement Ratio and Plaque Steepness May Be More Accurate for Predicting Recurrent Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events in Patients with Intracranial Atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1159\/000523725","article-title":"Predicting Stenosis Aggravation in Follow-up High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Images of Patients with Intracranial Atherosclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789035","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.789035","article-title":"Histology-Verified Intracranial Artery Calcification and Its Clinical Relevance with Cerebrovascular Disease","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.6223","article-title":"Intracranial Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis and the Risk of Stroke in Whites: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"71","author":"Bos","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106624","article-title":"Value of the Combination between the Intracranial Arterial Culprit Plaque Characteristics and the Essen Stroke Risk Score for Short-Term Stroke Recurrence","volume":"31","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cereb. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031167","article-title":"Detection and Quantification of Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Plaques with High-Resolution Imaging in Cryptogenic Stroke","volume":"51","author":"Fakih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2010.00499.x","article-title":"Imaging of Intracranial Plaques with Black-Blood Double Inversion Recovery Mr Imaging and Ct","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019036","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1019036","article-title":"High-Risk Features of Basilar Artery Atherosclerotic Plaque","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009037","article-title":"Multicontrast High-Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Value in Differentiating Intracranial Vasculopathic Processes","volume":"46","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2020.02.03","article-title":"Imaging of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Plaques Using 3.0 T and 7.0 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013398","article-title":"Postmortem Study of Validation of Low Signal on Fat-Suppressed T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging as Marker of Lipid Core in Middle Cerebral Artery Atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493015609775","article-title":"Intracranial Plaque Enhancement from High Resolution Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Stroke Recurrence","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.295085183","article-title":"High-Resolution Mr Imaging of the Cervical Arterial Wall: What the Radiologist Needs to Know","volume":"29","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.06.31","article-title":"Etiology of Intracranial Stenosis in Young Patients: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-13-76","article-title":"Age Determination of Vessel Wall Hematoma in Spontaneous Cervical Artery Dissection: A Multi-Sequence 3t Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Study","volume":"13","author":"Habs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400918764129","article-title":"Spontaneous Intracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection with Acute Ischemic Stroke: High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings","volume":"31","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.5.1083","article-title":"Clinical and Neuroradiological Features of Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Artery Dissection","volume":"30","author":"Hosoya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000354811","article-title":"Intramural Hematoma Detection by Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging in Intracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104632","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Intraluminal Contrast Enhancement in Patients with Spontaneous Cervical Artery Dissection: A black-Blood Mri Study","volume":"189","author":"Coppenrath","year":"2017","journal-title":"RoFo"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.626184","article-title":"Vessel Wall Mri to Differentiate between Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Central Nervous System Vasculitis: Preliminary Results","volume":"43","author":"Mandell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340100561","article-title":"Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: Serial Mri of Brain and Spinal Cord","volume":"43","author":"Campi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-11-199406010-00004","article-title":"Takayasu Arteritis","volume":"120","author":"Trinidad","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10251","article-title":"Takayasu Arteritis: Utility and Limitations of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"46","author":"Tso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes153","article-title":"Effects of Early Corticosteroid Treatment on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasonography Findings in Giant Cell Arteritis","volume":"51","author":"Hauenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.1.01840283","article-title":"High-Resolution Mri in Giant Cell Arteritis: Imaging of the Wall of the Superficial Temporal Artery","volume":"184","author":"Bley","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12202","article-title":"High Resolution Mri Difference between Moyamoya Disease and Intracranial Atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2008.00272.x","article-title":"Moyamoya Phenomenon Secondary to Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease: Diagnosis by 3t Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"19","author":"Ashley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2011.01.003","article-title":"Hypoplasia or Stenosis: Usefulness of High-Resolution Mri","volume":"167","author":"Mariani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Neurologique"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.47.1","article-title":"Histological Features of Middle Cerebral Arteries from Patients Treated for Moyamoya Disease","volume":"47","author":"Takagi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004761","article-title":"High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Wall Imaging Findings of Moyamoya Disease","volume":"45","author":"Ryoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018227","article-title":"Added Value of Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Differentiation of Nonocclusive Intracranial Vasculopathies","volume":"48","author":"Shibata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000438779","article-title":"The Latest Information on Intracranial Atherosclerosis: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"4","author":"Koo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05332-5","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Dsa in Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comparison between Stenosis Measured on Carotid Endarterectomy Specimens and Dsa in 644 Cases","volume":"164","author":"Svoboda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"e28068","article-title":"Vertebral Artery Stenosis: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Burle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035086","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1035086","article-title":"Application of Transcranial Doppler in Cerebrovascular Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000261488.05906.c1","article-title":"The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (Sonia) Trial","volume":"68","author":"Feldmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008181","article-title":"Isolated Mca Disease in Patients without Significant Atherosclerotic Risk Factors: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"46","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2018-000210","article-title":"High-Resolution Mri of Intracranial Large Artery Diseases: How to Use It in Clinical Practice?","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.09.064","article-title":"Detection of Intraplaque Hemorrhage by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Symptomatic Patients with Mild to Moderate Carotid Stenosis Predicts Recurrent Neurological Events","volume":"47","author":"Altaf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000204638.91099.91","article-title":"Association between Carotid Plaque Characteristics and Subsequent Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events: A Prospective Assessment with Mri--Initial Results","volume":"37","author":"Takaya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0202.102121","article-title":"Identification of Fibrous Cap Rupture with Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is Highly Associated with Recent Transient Ischemic Attack or Stroke","volume":"105","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392.e21\u2013e26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.01.008","article-title":"Characterisation of Symptomatic Intracranial Plaque without Substantial Stenosis Using High-Resolution Vessel Wall Mri","volume":"76","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009955","article-title":"Patterns and Implications of Intracranial Arterial Remodeling in Stroke Patients","volume":"47","author":"Qiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982896","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.982896","article-title":"The Role of Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Extracranial and Intracranial Vasculature in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source","volume":"13","author":"Baradaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2016-012974","article-title":"Development of a High Resolution Mri Intracranial Atherosclerosis Imaging Phantom","volume":"10","author":"Chueh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706645","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.706645","article-title":"High-Resolution Mr for Follow-up of Intracranial Steno-Occlusive Disease Treated by Endovascular Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/4\/677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:18:14Z","timestamp":1760123894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/4\/677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13040677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13040677","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]}}}