{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:08:21Z","timestamp":1760148501932,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semantic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA) has often been considered as a loss of knowledge stored in semantic memory, but might also be due to a general disruption of mechanisms allowing the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of semantic memories. In order to assess any parallelism in svPPA patients between loss of semantic knowledge and inability to acquire new semantic information, we administered a battery of semantic learning tasks to healthy individuals and svPPA patients, where they were requested to learn new conceptual representations and new word forms, and to associate the former with the latter. A strong relation was found between loss of semantic knowledge and disruption of semantic learning: (a) patients with severe svPPA had the lowest scores in the semantic learning tasks; (b) significant correlations were found between scores obtained in semantic learning tasks and scores obtained in semantic memory disorders in svPPA patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T01:30:29Z","timestamp":1683855029000},"page":"788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Dynamic Interplay between Loss of Semantic Memory and Semantic Learning Capacity: Insight from Neologisms Learning in Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Luzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Baldinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologic Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurologic Clinic, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO Neurologia, AST Ancona, 60019 Senigallia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5722-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Gainotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Coltheart, M., Sartori, G., and Job, R. (1987). The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Language, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.611","article-title":"Word comprehension: The distinction between refractory and storage impairments","volume":"119","author":"Warrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90031-3","article-title":"Anomia with and without lexical comprehension disorders","volume":"29","author":"Gainotti","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/09658219508253154","article-title":"Refractory semantics in global aphasia: On semantic organisation and the Access\u2013Storage distinction in neuropsychology","volume":"3","author":"Forde","year":"1995","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv281","article-title":"Varieties of semantic \u2018access\u2019 deficit in Wernicke\u2019s aphasia and semantic aphasia","volume":"138","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90103-3","article-title":"Semantic impairment and anomia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Huff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087303","article-title":"The deterioration of semantic memory in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Salmon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1155\/1989\/124043","article-title":"Semantic dementia: A form of circumscribed cerebral atrophy","volume":"2","author":"Snowden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.6.1783","article-title":"Semantic dementia: Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal-lobe atrophy","volume":"115","author":"Hodges","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl153","article-title":"Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia versus semantic dementia: A case-series comparison","volume":"129","author":"Jefferies","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","article-title":"Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants","volume":"76","author":"Hillis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh099","article-title":"Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia","volume":"127","author":"Snowden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2010.12.001","article-title":"The organization and dissolution of semantic-conceptual knowledge: Is the \u2018amodal hub\u2019 the only plausible model?","volume":"75","author":"Gainotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.06.019","article-title":"The format of conceptual representations disrupted in semantic dementia: A position paper","volume":"48","author":"Gainotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.11.014","article-title":"Cognitive consequences of the left-right asymmetry of atrophy in semantic dementia","volume":"107","author":"Woollams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10825","article-title":"Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia","volume":"55","author":"Dronkers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000320506.79811.da","article-title":"The logopenic\/phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia","volume":"71","author":"Brambati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.03.011","article-title":"Is the logopenic-variant of primary progressive aphasia a unitary disorder?","volume":"67","author":"Leyton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roncero, C., Nikelski, J., Probst, S., Fernandez, A., Thiel, A., and Chertkow, H. (2020). The semantic storage loss score: An algorithm for measuring an individual\u2019s level of semantic storage loss due to temporal lobe damage in neurodegenerative disease. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235810"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0911-6044(89)90033-X","article-title":"The nature of lexical-semantic impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Gainotti","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.2.397","article-title":"Semantic memory loss in dementia of Alzheimer\u2019s type. What do various measures measure?","volume":"113","author":"Chertkow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.006","article-title":"Are judgments of semantic relatedness systematically impaired in Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"47","author":"Hornberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000676","article-title":"Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory: Evidence from neuropsychology","volume":"16","author":"Greenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022738","article-title":"Anomia as a marker of distinct semantic memory impairments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and semantic dementia","volume":"25","author":"Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20137","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707383104","article-title":"Anterior temporal lobes mediate semantic representation: Mimicking semantic dementia by using rTMS in normal participants","volume":"104","author":"Pobric","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/09602019208401415","article-title":"Patients with semantic memory loss: Can they relearn lost concepts?","volume":"2","author":"Swales","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.13.3.359","article-title":"Relearning and subsequent forgetting of semantic category exemplars in a case of semantic dementia","volume":"13","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010042000060","article-title":"Can repeated exposure to \u201cforgotten\u201d vocabulary help alleviate word-finding difficulties in semantic dementia? An illustrative case study","volume":"11","author":"Graham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290126002","article-title":"Dissociable components of short-term memory and their relation to long-term learning","volume":"18","author":"Freedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00031-3","article-title":"Relearning of verbal labels in semantic dementia","volume":"40","author":"Snowden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"241","article-title":"Therapy for Anomia in Semantic Dementia","volume":"49","author":"Jokel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010500176757","article-title":"Treating anomia in semantic dementia: Improvement, maintenance, or both?","volume":"16","author":"Jokel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"445","article-title":"Word learning can be achieved without feedback: Implications for aphasia therapy","volume":"22","author":"Breitenstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2011.571384","article-title":"Learning and maintaining new vocabulary in persons with aphasia: Two controlled case studies","volume":"25","author":"Tuomiranta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.693583","article-title":"Long-term maintenance of novel vocabulary in persons with chronic aphasia","volume":"26","author":"Tuomiranta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.026","article-title":"The relationship between novel word learning and anomia treatment success in adults with chronic aphasia","volume":"81","author":"Dignam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.06.015","article-title":"New word learning in aphasic patients: Dissociating phonological and semantic components","volume":"99","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030802289200","article-title":"New word learning in people with aphasia","volume":"23","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.015","article-title":"Vocabulary relearning in semantic dementia: Positive and negative consequences of increasing variability in the learning experience","volume":"76","author":"Hofman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2014.892624","article-title":"Restoration of conceptual knowledge in a case of semantic dementia","volume":"21","author":"Savage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70266-1","article-title":"Semantic dementia: A unique clinicopathological syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Hodges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.010","article-title":"Arithmetic knowledge in semantic dementia: Is it invariably preserved?","volume":"46","author":"Julien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive status of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Raven, J.C. (1965). Guide to Using the Coloured Progressive Matrices Sets A, Ab, B., H.K. Lewis Press."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1979.tb00264.x","article-title":"Validity of some neuropsychological tests in the assessment of mental deterioration","volume":"60","author":"Caltagirone","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"21","article-title":"Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici","volume":"6","author":"Spinnler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ital. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0641-1","article-title":"Non-verbal memory measured by Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure B: Normative data","volume":"32","author":"Luzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500500036003","article-title":"Imitating gestures. A quantitative approach to ideomotor apraxia","volume":"37","author":"Motti","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.010","article-title":"Dissociation apraxia secondary to right premotor stroke","volume":"48","author":"Luzzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"113","article-title":"Dissociazioni semantiche intercategoriali: Descrizione di una batteria standardizzata e dati normativi","volume":"53","author":"Laiacona","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Psicol. Neurol. Psichiatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70229-6","article-title":"Semantic category dissociations: A longitudinal study of two cases","volume":"33","author":"Laiacona","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Howard, D., and Patterson, K. (1992). Pyramis and Palm Trees: Access from Pictures and Words, Thames Valley Test Company."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Warrington, E.K., and James, M. (1991). The Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP), Thames Valley Test Company."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299408251976","article-title":"Semantic dementia: Autobiographical contribution to preservation of meaning","volume":"11","author":"Snowden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1080\/026432996381674","article-title":"Semantic-Episodic Memory Interactions in Semantic Dementia: Implications for Retrograde Memory Function","volume":"13","author":"Snowden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0943","article-title":"Episodic Memory: Insights from Semantic Dementia","volume":"356","author":"Hodges","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp146","article-title":"Different impairments of semantic cognition in semantic dementia and semantic aphasia: Evidence from the non-verbal domain","volume":"132","author":"Corbett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1634","article-title":"Neurocognitive insights on conceptual knowledge and its breakdown","volume":"369","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.015","article-title":"Disorders of representation and control in semantic cognition: Effects of familiarity, typicality, and specificity","volume":"76","author":"Rogers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/5\/788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:33:13Z","timestamp":1760124793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/5\/788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13050788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13050788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]}}}