{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:32:24Z","timestamp":1793734344260,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microglia are glial cells centrally related to pathophysiology and neuroimmunological regulation of pain through microglia\u2013neuron crosstalk mechanisms. In contrast, anti-inflammatory mechanisms guided by immunological effectors such as IL-10 trigger the secretion of analgesic substances, culminating in the differential expression of genes encoding endogenous opioid peptides, especially \u03b2-endorphin. Thus, when \u03b2-endorphin binds to the \u00b5-opioid receptor, it generates neuronal hyperpolarization, inhibiting nociceptive stimuli. This review aimed to summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanism by which IL-10\/\u03b2-endorphin can reduce pain. For this, databases were searched for articles from their inception up until November 2022. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies, and seventeen studies were considered eligible for this review. Several studies have demonstrated the impact of IL-10\/\u03b2-endorphin in reducing pain, where IL-10 can stimulate GLP-1R, GRP40, and \u03b17nAChR receptors, as well as intracellular signaling pathways, such as STAT3, resulting in increased \u03b2-endorphin expression and secretion. In addition, molecules such as gabapentinoids, thalidomide, cynandione A, morroniside, lemairamin, and cinobufagin, as well as non-pharmacological treatments such as electroacupuncture, reduce pain through IL-10 mediated mechanisms, reflecting a microglia-dependent \u03b2-endorphin differential increase. This process represents a cornerstone in pain neuroimmunology knowledge, and the results obtained by different studies about the theme are presented in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T02:36:59Z","timestamp":1683859019000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["IL-10\/\u03b2-Endorphin-Mediated Neuroimmune Modulation on Microglia during Antinociception"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4110-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Caetano Andrade","family":"Belo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Xavier","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunobiology of Pain, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Eduardo Gabriel","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunobiology of Pain, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Lopes Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunobiology of Pain, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis William","family":"Abdala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Movement Analysis, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Alves Moreira","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroscience, Neuroimmunomodulation and Pain Study, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Santos","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunobiology of Pain, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovane","family":"Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuroimmunobiology of Pain, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37130-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002557","article-title":"A global study of pain prevalence across 52 countries: Examining the role of country-level contextual factors","volume":"163","author":"Zimmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2019.11.001","article-title":"Pain: Pathways and Physiology","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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