{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:36:46Z","timestamp":1772609806920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pineal gland (PG) is a small interhemispheric brain structure that influences human physiology in many ways, most importantly via secretion of the hormone melatonin which is known to regulate sleep and wakefulness. Here, we systematically reviewed existing neuroimaging studies of PG structure, and\/or melatonin release (MLT) in psychosis and mood disorders. Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched (on 3 February 2023), yielding 36 studies (8 PG volume, 24 MLT). The findings showed smaller-than-normal PG volume in people with schizophrenia, regardless of symptom severity and illness stage; and smaller-than-normal PG volume in major depression, with some indication of this being present only in certain subgroups, or in those with high scores on the \u2018loss of interest\u2019 symptom. There was considerable evidence of lower-than-normal MLT as well as aberrant MLT secretion pattern in schizophrenia. A similar picture, though less consistent than that seen in schizophrenia, emerged in major depression and bipolar disorder, with some evidence of a transient lowering of MLT following the initiation of certain antidepressants in drug-withdrawn patients. Overall, PG and MLT aberrations appear to represent transdiagnostic biomarkers for psychosis and mood disorders, but further work is needed to establish their clinical correlates and treatment implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T02:28:42Z","timestamp":1684722522000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pineal Abnormalities in Psychosis and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-3370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satyam","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Barbanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0160-0281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Ettinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Melatonin: The internal zeitgeber of mammals","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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