{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:25:10Z","timestamp":1786631110292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013891","name":"Dutch Parkinson Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-R05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-R05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013891","name":"Dutch Parkinson Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DR2019-00311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DR2019-00311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008358","name":"Dutch Brain Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-R05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-R05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008358","name":"Dutch Brain Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DR2019-00311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DR2019-00311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Physical exercise is receiving increasing interest as an augmentative non-pharmacological intervention in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). This pilot study primarily aimed to quantify individual response patterns of motor symptoms to alternating exercise modalities, along with non-motor functioning and blood biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration. Materials &amp; Methods: People with PD performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) using a crossover single-case experimental design. A repeated assessment of outcome measures was conducted. The trajectories of outcome measures were visualized in time series plots and interpreted relative to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and smallest detectable change (SDC) or as a change in the positive or negative direction using trend lines. Results: Data of three participants were analyzed and engaging in physical exercise seemed beneficial for reducing motor symptoms. Participant 1 demonstrated improvement in motor function, independent of exercise modality; while for participant 2, such a clinically relevant (positive) change in motor function was only observed in response to CAE. Participant 3 showed improved motor function after HIIT, but no comparison could be made with CAE because of drop-out. Heterogeneous responses on secondary outcome measures were found, not only between exercise modalities but also among participants. Conclusion: Though this study underpins the positive impact of physical exercise in the management of PD, large variability in individual response patterns to the interventions among participants makes it difficult to identify clear exercise-induced adaptations in functioning and blood biomarkers. Further research is needed to overcome methodological challenges in measuring individual response patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T02:58:48Z","timestamp":1684983528000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["(HIIT-The Track) High-Intensity Interval Training for People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Individual Response Patterns of (Non-)Motor Symptoms and Blood-Based Biomarkers\u2014A Crossover Single-Case Experimental Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elvira S. Amaral","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile A.","family":"Van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc B.","family":"Rietberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"De Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neuroinfection & Neuroinflammation, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Medical Center, Atrium Health Carolinas Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA"},{"name":"Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilma D. J.","family":"Van de Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard T.","family":"Jaspers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Myology, Department of Human Movement Science, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Rehabilitation & Development, Tissue Function & Regeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Vriend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Vanbellingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7920-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin E. 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