{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:34:43Z","timestamp":1776846883568,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23dk0207060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dk0207060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23dm0207073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dm0207073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23dk0207066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dk0207066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22H02980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H02980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21FC0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23dk0207060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dk0207060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23dm0207073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dm0207073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23dk0207066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dk0207066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22H02980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H02980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21FC0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan","award":["JP23dk0207060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dk0207060"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan","award":["JP23dm0207073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dm0207073"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan","award":["JP23dk0207066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23dk0207066"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan","award":["22H02980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H02980"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan","award":["21FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21FC0201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by the abnormal expansion of non-coding trinucleotide GGC repeats in NOTCH2NLC. NIID is clinically characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. To date, the relationship between expanded repeat lengths and clinical phenotype in patients with NIID remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to clarify the genetic and clinical spectrum and their association in patients with NIID. For this purpose, we genetically analyzed Japanese patients with adult-onset NIID with characteristic clinical and neuroimaging findings. Trinucleotide repeat expansions of NOTCH2NLC were examined by repeat-primed and amplicon-length PCR. In addition, long-read sequencing was performed to determine repeat size and sequence. The expanded GGC repeats ranging from 94 to 361 in NOTCH2NLC were found in all 15 patients. Two patients carried biallelic repeat expansions. There were marked heterogenous clinical and imaging features in NIID patients. Patients presenting with cerebellar ataxia or urinary dysfunction had a significantly larger GGC repeat size than those without. This significant association disappeared when these parameters were compared with the total trinucleotide repeat number. ARWMC score was significantly higher in patients who had a non-glycine-type trinucleotide interruption within expanded poly-glycine motifs than in those with a pure poly-glycine expansion. These results suggested that the repeat length and sequence in NOTCH2NLC may partly modify some clinical and imaging features of NIID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1686884073000},"page":"955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Heterogenous Genetic, Clinical, and Imaging Features in Patients with Neuronal Intranuclear Inclusion Disease Carrying NOTCH2NLC Repeat Expansion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yusran Ady","family":"Fitrah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yo","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Joetsu General Hospital, Joetsu 943-0172, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norikazu","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Tokutake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6337-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Sanpei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sado General Hospital, Sado 952-1209, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomone","family":"Taneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Koide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Tsuboguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junki","family":"Fukumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoe","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tsubame Rosai Hospital, Tsubame 959-1228, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Iwafuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata 950-1197, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata 950-1197, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sado General Hospital, Sado 952-1209, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takanobu","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sado General Hospital, Sado 952-1209, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6259-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayato","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba 950-1197, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kido Hospital, Niigata 950-0862, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuyoshi","family":"Fukuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Joetsu General Hospital, Joetsu 943-0172, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2178-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kensaku","family":"Kasuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2508-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinori","family":"Miyashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-8085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Ikeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww249","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of adult-onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion 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