{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:03:42Z","timestamp":1771257822809,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate discrepancies in prescription trends for analgesic medications in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) patients based on recommendations in the literature. Design: We conducted a retrospective case\u2013control study. Subjects: A total of 2510 CRPS patients and 2510 demographic-matched controls participated in this study. Methods: The SlicerDicer feature in Epic was used to find patients diagnosed with CRPS I or II between January 2010 and November 2022. An equal number of age-, gender-, and race-matched controls without a CRPS diagnosis were retracted from Epic. General and CRPS-associated prescription frequencies for the following classes were retrieved for both cases and controls: benzodiazepines, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, capsaicin, neuropathic pain medications, NSAIDs, opioids, and steroids. Results: A total of 740 (29%) CRPS patients and 425 (17%) controls were prescribed benzodiazepines (95% CI 0.1\u20130.15), 154 (6.1%) CRPS patients and 52 (2.1%) controls were prescribed capsaicin (95% CI 0.03\u20130.05), 1837 (73%) CRPS patients and 927 (37%) controls were prescribed neuropathic pain medications (95% CI 0.05\u20130.34), 1769 (70%) CRPS patients and 1217 (48%) controls were prescribed opioids (95% CI 0.19\u20130.25), 1095 (44%) CRPS patients and 1217 (48%) controls were prescribed steroids (95% CI 0.08\u20130.14), and 1638 (65%) CRPS patients and 1765 (70%) controls were prescribed NSAIDs (95% CI \u22120.08\u20130.02), p &lt; 0.001 for all classes. With CRPS-associated prescriptions, (95% CI 0.05\u20130.16, p &lt; 0.001) more CRPS patients were prescribed opioids (N = 398, 59%) than controls (N = 327, 49%). Conclusions: CRPS is difficult to treat with significant variance in suggested treatment modalities. Based on the results of our study, there is a divergence between some published recommendations and actual practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T16:06:37Z","timestamp":1688141197000},"page":"1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prescription Trends in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Retrospective Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Shermon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 4229 Pearl Road, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 4229 Pearl Road, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Abd-Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 4229 Pearl Road, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-208001","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome: An updated comprehensive review","volume":"47","author":"Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002245","article-title":"The Valencia consensus-based adaptation of the IASP complex regional pain syndrome diagnostic criteria","volume":"162","author":"Goebel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030","article-title":"Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the \u201cBudapest Criteria\u201d) for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Harden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00273","article-title":"Internalized GPCRs as Potential Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Pain","volume":"12","author":"Retamal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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