{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:08:58Z","timestamp":1781186938220,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["779237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["779237"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: One of the most widely used instruments for assessing agitation in dementia patients is the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), nevertheless no global score has been proposed. The aim of this study is: (a) to conduct a confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of CMAI on people with dementia and Psychological and Behavioral Symptoms (BPSD), and (b) to propose an alternative structure, based on clinical criteria including all CMAI items. Methods: Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were carried out on the CMAI 29 items administered at baseline to 505 patients with dementia (PwD) and BPSD enrolled in the international observational RECage study. Results: The three-factor structure has not been confirmed by the CFA, whilst the EFA was carried out respectively on 25 items disregarding 4 items with a prevalence \u22645% and then on 20 items disregarding 9 items with a prevalence \u226410%. The four-factor structure explaining 56% of the variance comprised Physically Aggressive behavior, Verbally Aggressive behavior, Physically non-aggressive behavior, and Physically and verbally aggressive behavior. Conclusions: A new grouping of all items according to a clinical criterion is proposed, allowing for a more sensible evaluation of the symptoms leading to better differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:33:42Z","timestamp":1688517222000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Confirmatory and an Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) in a European Case Series of Patients with Dementia: Results from the RECage Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bruno Mario","family":"Cesana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics \u201cGiulio A. Maccacaro\u201d Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2959-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Poptsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sverre","family":"Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Age-Related Functional Decline and Disease, Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2313 Ottestad, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian National Centre for Aging and Health, Sykehuset i Vestfold, 3103 T\u00f8nsberg, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-3575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Ciccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Neurosurgical Activity \u201cCarlo Poma\u201d Hospital, ASST di Mantova, 46100 Mantua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Cognat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neurology Centre, Lariboisi\u00e8re-Fernand Widal Hospital GHU AP-HP Nord, 75010 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Fabbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Service-Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, Department of Primary Care, Local Health Authority of Modena (AUSL), 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Fascendini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FERB Alzheimer Centre, 24025 Gazzaniga, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni B.","family":"Frisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1494-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutz","family":"Fr\u00f6lich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9142-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Jori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediolanum Cardio Research, 20123 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0729-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Mecocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Geriatrics, NVS Department, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Unit (PM), U.V.A. Centre, Humanitas Gavazzeni, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Alberto","family":"Defanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FERB Alzheimer Centre, 24025 Gazzaniga, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. 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