{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:13:43Z","timestamp":1789668823065,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]],"date-time":"2023-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rumination and its related mental phenomena share associated impairments in cognition, such as executive functions and attentional processes across different clinical conditions (e.g., in psychotic disorders). In recent decades, however, the notion of rumination has been increasingly narrowed to the \u201cself-focused\u201d type in depressive disorders. A closer review of the literature shows that rumination may be construed as a broader process characterized by repetitive thoughts about certain mental contents that interfere with one\u2019s daily activities, not only limited to those related to \u201cself\u201d. A further examination of the construct of rumination beyond the narrowly focused depressive rumination would help expand intervention opportunities for mental disorders in today\u2019s context. We first review the development of the clinical construct of rumination with regard to its historical roots and its roles in psychopathology. This builds the foundation for the introduction of the \u201cFlow Model of Rumination (FMR)\u201d, which conceptualizes rumination as a disruption of a smooth flow of mental contents in conscious experience that depends on the coordinated interactions between intention, memory, affect, and external events. The conceptual review concludes with a discussion of the impact of rapid technological advances (such as smartphones) on rumination. Particularly in contemporary societies today, a broader consideration of rumination not only from a cognition viewpoint, but also incorporating a human\u2013device interaction perspective, is necessitated. The implications of the FMR in contemporary mental health practice are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:35:21Z","timestamp":1688949321000},"page":"1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Phenomenon in the 21st Century: The Flow Model of Rumination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M. Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric Y. H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C. Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. N.","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6912-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christy L. M.","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.10.003","article-title":"A roadmap to rumination: A review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. 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