{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T20:06:18Z","timestamp":1789329978550,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/25\/B\/NZ4\/01969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/NZ4\/01969"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ4\/02350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ4\/02350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent data suggest that defects in purinergic signalling are a common denominator of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), though nothing is known about whether the disorder-related imbalance occurs at the receptor level. In this study, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) induces changes in purinergic receptor expression in adolescence and whether it corresponds to glial cell activation. Pregnant dams were subjected to an intraperitoneal injection of VPA at embryonic day 12.5. In the hippocampi of adolescent male VPA offspring, we observed an increase in the level of P2X1, with concomitant decreases in P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors. In contrast, in the cortex, the level of P2X1 was significantly reduced. Also, significant increases in cortical P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors were detected. Additionally, we observed profound alterations in microglial cell numbers and morphology in the cortex of VPA animals, leading to the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The changes in glial cells were partially reduced via a single administration of a non-selective P2 receptor antagonist. These studies show the involvement of purinergic signalling imbalance in the modulation of brain inflammatory response induced via prenatal VPA exposure and may indicate that purinergic receptors are a novel target for pharmacological intervention in ASDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T00:47:38Z","timestamp":1689727658000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Alterations of Purinergic Receptors Levels and Their Involvement in the Glial Cell Morphology in a Pre-Clinical Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lidia","family":"Babiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wilkaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-7799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Matuszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Pa\u0142asz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cie\u015blik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Adamczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawi\u0144skiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2010.02114.x","article-title":"The Birth and Postnatal Development of Purinergic Signalling","volume":"199","author":"Burnstock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109541","article-title":"P2 Receptor-Mediated Signaling in the Physiological and Pathological Brain: From Development to Aging and Disease","volume":"233","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105253","article-title":"Purinergic Signaling Orchestrating Neuron-Glia Communication","volume":"162","author":"Agostinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. 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