{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:36:54Z","timestamp":1787593014922,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19B2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19B2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a widely used brain intervention technique in clinical settings. In recent years, the role of the cerebellum in learning and memory has become one of the hotspots in the field of cognitive neuroscience. In this study, we recruited 36 healthy college or graduate students as subjects and divided them into groups, with 10 to 14 subjects in each group. We performed 5 Hz and 20 Hz repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and sham stimulation on the Crus II subregion of the cerebellum in different groups, then let them complete the 2-back working memory task before and after the stimulation. We simultaneously recorded the electroencephalogram in the experiment and analyzed the data. We found that after repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum at 5 Hz and 20 Hz, the N170 and P300 event-related potential components in the prefrontal cortex showed significant differences compared to those in the sham stimulation group. Using phase-locked values to construct brain networks and conduct further analysis, we discovered that stimulation frequencies of 5 Hz and 20 Hz had significant effects on the local and global efficiency of brain networks in comparison to the sham stimulation group. The results showed that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation on cerebellar targets can effectively affect the subjects\u2019 working memory tasks. Repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation at 5 Hz and 20 Hz could enhance the excitatory responses of the frontal lobes. After stimulation at 5 Hz and 20 Hz, the efficiency of the brain network significantly improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:08:43Z","timestamp":1691060923000},"page":"1158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at the Cerebellum on Working Memory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiangnan","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuiying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology, Nanjing 210019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies","volume":"63","author":"Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. 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