{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:57:38Z","timestamp":1790477858829,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticides are chemicals used in agricultural fields for the prevention or destruction of pests. Inappropriate use of these substances, as well as handling them without using personal protective equipment, may result in serious health problems such as neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of pesticides on brain function. However, some researchers have associated pesticide poisoning with the development of disorders such as dissociative amnesia, multiple personality disorders, and depersonalization disorder. The objective of this work was to perform a bibliographic review of the relationship between pesticide poisoning and the development of dissociative disorders. Previous studies suggest that the duration of pesticide exposure is a major determinant in the development of dissociative diseases and disorders. The information obtained in this review suggests that there is no specific relationship between dissociative disorders and pesticide poisoning. However, these results point to associating the most representative symptoms of dissociative disorder (such as amnesia and memory loss) with pesticide exposure. Based on the bibliographic search, possible mechanisms of action were suggested in an attempt to explain a possible association between exposure to pesticides and the appearance of dissociative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:13:57Z","timestamp":1692008037000},"page":"1194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Association between Pesticide Exposure and the Development of Fronto-Temporal Dementia-Cum-Dissociative Disorders: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carlos Alfonso","family":"Flores-Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Centro Universitario de la Cienega (CUCI-UdeG), University of Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad #1115, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-6853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erandis Dheni","family":"Torres-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Centro Universitario de la Cienega (CUCI-UdeG), University of Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad #1115, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3602-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Reyes-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Centro Universitario de la Cienega (CUCI-UdeG), University of Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad #1115, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Heriberto","family":"Torres-Jasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University Center of the Coast, University of Guadalajara (CUCos-ta-UdeG), Avenida Universidad de Guadalajara #203, Delegacion Ixtapa, Puerto Vallarta 48280, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireya Zoila","family":"Reyna-Villela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological Sciences, Cienega University Center (CUCI-UdeG), University of Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad #1115, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rojas-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technological Sciences, Cienega University Center (CUCI-UdeG), University of Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad #1115, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Salazar-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Life Sciences, Centro Universitario de la Cienega (CUCI-UdeG), University of Guadalajara, Avenida Universidad #1115, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, August 02). La Vanguardia Los Plaguicidas Provocan 200.000 Muertes al a\u00f1o. Available online: https:\/\/www.lavanguardia.com\/natural\/20170309\/42701670609\/plaguicidas-herbicidas-insecticidas-muertes-intoxicacion-onu.html."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la exposici\u00f3n a organofosforados y carbamatos en traba-jadores de una comunidad agraria","volume":"15","author":"Marrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comunidad Salud"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Robb, E.L., and Baker, M.B. (2023). Toxicidad Organofosforada, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.31434\/rms.v5i8.558","article-title":"Intoxicaci\u00f3n por organofosforados","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Medica Sinerg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.18359\/rmed.1314","article-title":"Intoxicaci\u00f3n por organofosforados","volume":"18","author":"Mancipe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"96","article-title":"Neurotoxicidad de los plaguicidas como agentes disruptores endocrinos: Una revisi\u00f3n","volume":"45","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Nac. Hig. Rafael Rangel"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"INFOCOP (2023, August 02). La Demencia: Una Prioridad de Salud P\u00fablica, Seg\u00fan la OMS. Available online: http:\/\/www.infocop.es\/view_article.asp?id=7204."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Moneo Troncoso, A.I., and P\u00e9rez Lancho, M.C. (2023, August 02). Demencias Corticales. Caracterizaci\u00f3n Psicoconductual y Neurobiol\u00f3gica. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10662\/15661."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Leyva, I., Oliva-Barrios, J.E., Cueli-Barcena, S., Carrizales-Rodr\u00edguez, J., Chi-Ahumada, E., and Jim\u00e9nez-Capdeville, M.E. (2019). Demencia frontotemporal: Revisi\u00f3n y nuestro punto de vista. Rev. Mex. Neurocienc., 19.","DOI":"10.24875\/RMN.M18000011"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"227","article-title":"La Demencia M\u00e1s Psiqui\u00e1trica: Demencia Frontotemporal, Variante Frontal","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psicogeriatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurop.2021.03.004","article-title":"Diagn\u00f3stico neuropsicol\u00f3gico diferencial en enfermedad de Alzheimer y demencia frontotemporal: Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica cualitativa","volume":"1","author":"Martella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"139","article-title":"Demencia Frontotemporal","volume":"36","author":"Iragorri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Cano, M.L., Fern\u00e1ndez MD, R., and Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2023, March 17). Impacto del Cuidado de Pacientes Cr\u00f3nicos, en la Salud de las Personas Cuidadoras. En Calidad de Vida, Cuidadores e Intervenci\u00f3n Para la Mejora de la Salud en el Envejecimiento; Asociaci\u00f3n Universitaria de Educaci\u00f3n y Psicolog\u00eda (ASUNIVEP), Servicio Andaluz de Salud (Espa\u00f1a), Andaluz, Espa\u00f1a. Available online: https:\/\/www.formacionasunivep.com\/files\/publicaciones\/calidad-vida-envejecimiento-vol3.pdf#page=356."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410310208","article-title":"Progressive language disorder due to lobar atrophy","volume":"31","author":"Snowden","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022435","article-title":"Primary Progressive Aphasia\u2014A Language-Based Dementia","volume":"349","author":"Mesulam","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.3.323","article-title":"Distinct behavioural profiles in frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia","volume":"70","author":"Snowden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"33","article-title":"Toxicidad de plaguicidas y su asociaci\u00f3n con la enfermedad de Parkinson","volume":"16","author":"Ortiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurocienc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Villate, A. (2023, March 15). Nuevos Aspectos de la Etiopatog\u00e9nesis y Diagnostico de la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) y Futuras Dianas Tera-p\u00e9uticas. Available online: https:\/\/addi.ehu.es\/bitstream\/handle\/10810\/31074\/TFG_Villate_Castillo_Rev.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Corrales, F.S. (2018). Enfermedad de P\u00e1rkinson. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidad Oberta de Catalunya]."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e9 Casado, J., and Tapia Garc\u00eda, L. (2020). Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Pacientes con Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, que Asisten a la Consulta de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Doctor Salvador Bienvenido Gautier. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.unphu.edu.do\/handle\/123456789\/3623."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"124","article-title":"Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/009841000156907","article-title":"Organochlorine insecticides in substantia nigra in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"59","author":"Corrigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quesada, C.M.S., and Rivera, D.A. (2014). Presencia de pesticidas en la dieta como factor de riesgo para el parkinson espor\u00e1dico. Rev. M\u00e9dica Univ. Costa Rica, 7.","DOI":"10.15517\/rmu.v7i2.14959"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-3-35","article-title":"Nigrostriatal neuronal death following chronic dichlorvos exposure: Crosstalk between mitochondrial impairments, \u03b1 synuclein aggregation, oxidative damage and behavioral changes","volume":"3","author":"Bk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-01990-3","article-title":"Crocin Protects Malathion-Induced Striatal Biochemical Deficits by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Increasing \u03b1-Synuclein in Rats\u2019 Striatum","volume":"72","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.01.039","article-title":"Pesticides exposure as etiological factors of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases\u2014A mechanistic approach","volume":"230","author":"Baltazar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115141108","article-title":"Paraquat neurotoxicity is mediated by the dopamine transporter and organic cation transporter-3","volume":"108","author":"Rappold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2019.1659197","article-title":"Paraquat and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"22","author":"Vaccari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.06.017","article-title":"Chronic rotenone exposure reproduces Parkinson\u2019s disease gastrointestinal neuropathology","volume":"36","author":"Drolet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.02.003","article-title":"Rotenone exerts developmental neurotoxicity in a human brain spheroid model","volume":"354","author":"Pamies","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/10599240801986215","article-title":"Pesticide\/Environmental Exposures and Parkinson's Disease in East Texas","volume":"13","author":"Dhillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agromed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002839","article-title":"Rotenone, Paraquat, and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"119","author":"Tanner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez, B., Espejo D\u00edaz, G., Silverio, J., and Avilez, V. (2023, March 25). Mecanismos Subyacentes al Trastorno Org\u00e1nico. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.unphu.edu.do\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/3577\/La%20complejidad%20del%20cerebro-Facultad%20de%20Humanidades%20y%20educacion-Escuela%20de%20psicolog%c3%ada-Enero-Abril-2019-Volumen%20XVMecanis-mos%20subyacentes%20al%20trastorno%20org%c3%a1nico..pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"38","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de trastornos disociativos en poblaci\u00f3n psiqui\u00e1trica mexicana: Prevalencia, comorbilidad y caracter\u00edsticas psicom\u00e9tricas de la Escala de Experiencias Disociativas","volume":"29","year":"2006","journal-title":"Salud Ment."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Schlozman, S.C., and Nonacs, R.M. (2017). Tratado de Psiquiatr\u00eda Cl\u00ednica Massachusetts General Hospital, Elsevier. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.53680\/vertex.v32i152.40","article-title":"Las bases neurales de la Amnesia Disociativa (AD): Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de la bibliograf\u00eda","volume":"32","author":"Cuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vertex Rev. Argent. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"75","article-title":"Trastorno de Identidad Disociativo","volume":"3","author":"Sarto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Sanit. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.med.2019.07.004","article-title":"Trastornos disociativos","volume":"12","author":"Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Programa Form. M\u00e9dica Contin. Acreditado"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"180","article-title":"El trastorno de despersonalizaci\u00f3n y desrealizaci\u00f3n desde el punto de vista de la psicoterapia fenomenol\u00f3gica-existencial. Organizaci\u00f3n de un taller en el aula de Educaci\u00f3n Infantil 5 Proyecto de Implementaci\u00f3n del enfoque de Inteligencias M\u00faltiples para la innovaci\u00f3n educativa en la etapa infantil 11","volume":"86","author":"Alvarado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Publicaciones Did\u00e1cticas"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2022.2079796","article-title":"The Prevalence of Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Castillo, J.J.M. (2008). Adaptaci\u00f3n y validaci\u00f3n al castellano de la Escala de Despersonalizaci\u00f3n de Cambridge. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba]."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"57","article-title":"Neurotoxicolog\u00eda de plaguicidas prevalentes en la regi\u00f3n Andina Colombiana","volume":"27","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medicas UIS"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"110","article-title":"Intoxicaci\u00f3n por organofosforados","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Leg. Costa Rica"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.07.010","article-title":"Acute organophosphate poisoning: 17 years of experience of the National Poison Control Center in Serbia","volume":"409","author":"Slavica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153407","article-title":"Multiple neurological effects associated with exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in man","volume":"484","author":"Oleksak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camacho-P\u00e9rez, M.R., Covantes-Rosales, C.E., Toledo-Ibarra, G.A., Mercado-Salgado, U., Ponce-Regalado, M.D., D\u00edaz-Resendiz, K.J.G., and Gir\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez, M.I. (2022). Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094523"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9903.151736","article-title":"Organophosphorus poisoning: A social calamity","volume":"20","author":"Narang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mahatma Gandhi Inst. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.08.011","article-title":"Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure","volume":"408","author":"Naughton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27425","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.667063","article-title":"Rotenone-induced Impairment of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Confers a Selective Priming Signal for NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"290","author":"Won","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00122","article-title":"Oxidative Phosphorylation Impairment by DDT and DDE","volume":"10","author":"Elmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, B.L. (2020). Neuropathological Mechanisms Associated with Pesticides in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8020021"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"513","article-title":"Idebenone Ameliorates Rotenone-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Rats Through Decreasing Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"46","author":"Yavuz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.05.011","article-title":"Mitochondrial and transcriptome responses in rat dopaminergic neuronal cells following exposure to the insecticide fipronil","volume":"85","author":"Souders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170875","article-title":"Induction of Amyloid-\u03b242 Production by Fipronil and Other Pyrazole Insecticides","volume":"62","author":"Cam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4668","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx348","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated mutant SOD1 inhibits anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria by reducing Miro1 levels","volume":"26","author":"Moller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24799","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09045-z","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in organophosphate pesticide-induced neurotoxicity and its amelioration: A review","volume":"27","author":"Farkhondeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx048","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Highlight: Spatiotemporal Progression and Remission of Lesions in the Rat Brain Following Acute Intoxication with Diisopropylfluorophosphate","volume":"157","author":"Hobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2012.03.011","article-title":"Organophosphate-induced brain damage: Mechanisms, neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences, and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"408","article-title":"Environmental Pollution, Oxidative Stress and Thioretinaco Ozonide: Effects of Glyphosate, Fluoride and Electromagnetic Fields on Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Carcinogenesis, Atherogenesis and Aging","volume":"50","author":"McCully","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-6-7","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to permethrin pesticide causes lifelong fear and spatial learning deficits and alters hippocampal morphology of synapses","volume":"6","author":"Nasuti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu226","article-title":"Hippocampal ER Stress and Learning Deficits Following Repeated Pyrethroid Exposure","volume":"143","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22111","article-title":"The role of multifunctional drug therapy as an antidote to combat experimental subacute neurotoxicity induced by organophosphate pesticides","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181dd4423","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides increases the risk of incident AD: The Cache County Study","volume":"74","author":"Hayden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.09.011","article-title":"A mechanistic overview of health associated effects of low levels of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides","volume":"307","author":"Androutsopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.08.064","article-title":"Modification of Wnt signaling pathway on paraquat-induced inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20836-w","article-title":"Impaired Wnt signaling in dopamine containing neurons is associated with pathogenesis in a rotenone triggered Drosophila Parkinson\u2019s disease model","volume":"8","author":"Stephano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"03","article-title":"Factores que incrementan la discapacidad de tipo mental en los trastornos del espectro autista","volume":"12","author":"Apolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2008.08.004","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of parathion: Progressive effects on serotonergic systems in adolescence and adulthood","volume":"31","author":"Slotkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.11.007","article-title":"Early postnatal parathion exposure in rats causes sex-selective cognitive impairment and neurotransmitter defects which emerge in aging","volume":"208","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2018.09.009","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus pesticides and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases in man: A review","volume":"410","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"de Plaguicidas, N.P.D.M. (2023, June 29). Memoria Congreso Nacional: Impacto de Plaguicidas en Ambiente, Salud Trabajo y Agricultura; Marena, Managua 1997; p. 490. ID: Lil-309487. Available online: https:\/\/pesquisa.bvsalud.org\/portal\/resource\/pt\/lil-309487."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Garcia, Y.D.C.L. (2020). Determinacion de Sintomas de Neurotoxicidad Secundaria a Intoxicacion por Plaguicidas Organofosforados, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Available online: https:\/\/biblioteca.medicina.usac.edu.gt\/tesis\/pre\/2000\/081.pdf."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Briz, V., and Su\u00f1ol, C. (2023, June 29). La Exposici\u00f3n Prolongada a Dieldr\u00edn Reduce la Funcionalidad de los Receptores NMDA y Metabotropicos de Glutamato de Tipo-I en Cultivos Primarios de Neuronas Corticales de Rat\u00f3n. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10261\/83406."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/8\/1194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:32:10Z","timestamp":1760128330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/8\/1194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13081194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13081194","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]}}}