{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:05:37Z","timestamp":1773011137204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has globally impacted both physical and mental health. This study aimed to explore the impact of Second Chance Schools (SCS) and the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and self-image of Greek SCS students. A total of 251 SCS students from two consecutive study cycles participated, completing the research instruments at the beginning and end of their studies. Participants\u2019 anxiety, depressive symptomatology, well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy were evaluated by means of the GAD-7, PHQ-8, WHO-5 Well-being Index, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, respectively. The research spanned three years, including a year of universal lockdown, a year with protective measures and a year without anti-COVID-19 measures. Factor analysis, regression analyses and two two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were applied to the collected data. All five psychological dimensions measured by the study\u2019s instruments were grouped into two factors, namely mental health and self-image. Well-being positively influenced mental health, while anxiety and depression had a negative impact. On the other hand, self-efficacy and self-esteem positively contributed to self-image. Mental health and self-image were moderately correlated. Pre-SCS values of mental health and self-image predicted a higher percentage of variance in post-SCS values compared to anxiety, depression, well-being, self-efficacy and self-esteem. Moreover, mental health improved after the completion of SCS, but only for participants after the lifting of anti-COVID-19 measures. Conversely, self-image improved for all participants regardless of the presence of anti-COVID-19 measures. Overall, the SCS had a considerable impact on the participants\u2019 mental health and self-image, although the effect was influenced by COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1692097576000},"page":"1203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigating the Role of Second Chance Schools and COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health and Self-Image of Greek Adult Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Georgia","family":"Karakitsiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Plakias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 38221 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Kedraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Arvaniti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Kokkotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tsiakiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3173-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Samakouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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