{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:24:06Z","timestamp":1789835046974,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81701064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JQX20007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQX20007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Program of Nanjing","award":["81701064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81701064"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Program of Nanjing","award":["JQX20007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQX20007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a common stroke complication, and the changes in the gut microbiota composition may play a role. Our study aimed to evaluate the predictive ability of gut microbiota for SAP. Methods: Acute ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled and divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of SAP. The composition of gut microbiota was characterized by the 16S RNA Miseq sequencing. The gut microbiota that differed significantly between groups were incorporated into the conventional risk scores, the Acute Ischemic Stroke-Associated Pneumonia Score (AIS-APS), and the Age, Atrial fibrillation, Dysphagia, Sex, Stroke Severity Score (A2DS2). The predictive performances were assessed in terms of the area under the curve (AUC), the Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI), and the Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) indices. Results: A total of 135 patients were enrolled, of whom 43 had SAP (31%). The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Fusicatenibacter, and Butyricicoccus, were decreased in the SAP group. The integrated models showed better predictive ability for SAP (AUC = 0.813, NRI = 0.333, p = 0.052, IDI = 0.038, p = 0.018, for AIS-APS; AUC = 0.816, NRI = 0.575, p &lt; 0.001, IDI = 0.043, p = 0.007, for A2DS2) in comparison to the differential genera (AUC = 0.699) and each predictive score (AUCAISAPS = 0.777; AUCA2DS2 = 0.777). Conclusions: The lower abundance of SCFAs-producing gut microbiota after acute ischemic stroke was associated with SAP and may play a role in SAP prediction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1692353678000},"page":"1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Potential of Gut Microbiota in Prediction of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhongyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing Yuhua Hospital, Nanjing 210039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3658-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junshan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingdong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 68, Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413","article-title":"Global Burden of Stroke","volume":"120","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.038867","article-title":"Immunodepression, Infections, and Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"53","author":"Westendorp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02177-0","article-title":"Stroke-induced immunosuppression: Implications for the prevention and prediction of post-stroke infections","volume":"18","author":"Faura","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021098","article-title":"Stroke-induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation","volume":"198","author":"Prass","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westendorp, W.F., Nederkoorn, P.J., Vermeij, J.D., Dijkgraaf, M.G., and van de Beek, D. (2011). Post-stroke infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-110"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1159\/000210093","article-title":"Stroke-associated infection is an independent risk factor for poor outcome after acute ischemic stroke: Data from the Netherlands Stroke Survey","volume":"27","author":"Vermeij","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00783.x","article-title":"Infection after acute stroke is associated with poor short-term outcome","volume":"115","author":"Kwan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000063373.70993.CD","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia after acute stroke: Implications for neurological intensive care medicine","volume":"34","author":"Hilker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000046586.38284.60","article-title":"The effect of pneumonia on mortality among patients hospitalized for acute stroke","volume":"60","author":"Katzan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823152b1","article-title":"Risk factors, inpatient care, and outcomes of pneumonia after ischemic stroke","volume":"77","author":"Finlayson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9, K., Lev, M.H., Seyedmehdi, P., Betensky, R.A., Jing, Q., Shihab, M., Schwamm, L.H., and Jens, M.J.P.O. (2013). Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Is Linked to Right Hemispheric Peri-Insular Stroke. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071141"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000289350","article-title":"Derivation and Validation of a Clinical System for Predicting Pneumonia in Acute Stroke","volume":"34","author":"Chumbler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000598","article-title":"Novel risk score to predict pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"44","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.653055","article-title":"Development of a clinical score (A2DS2) to predict pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"43","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.030","article-title":"Prediction of Ischemic Stroke-Associated Pneumonia: A Comparison between 3 Scores","volume":"25","author":"Helmy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.059","article-title":"External Validation of the ISAN, A2DS2, and AIS-APS Scores for Predicting Stroke-Associated Pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Moniche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2021.1923482","article-title":"Prediction of stroke-associated pneumonia by the A2DS2, AIS-APS, and ISAN scores: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002699","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002699","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota With Reduced Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Level in Patients With Large-Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack","volume":"4","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamashiro, K., Tanaka, R., Urabe, T., Ueno, Y., Yamashiro, Y., Nomoto, K., Takahashi, T., Tsuji, H., Asahara, T., and Hattori, N. (2017). Gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolism and systemic inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176062"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.042755","article-title":"Poststroke Lung Infection by Opportunistic Commensal Bacteria Is Not Mediated by Their Expansion in the Gut Microbiota","volume":"54","author":"Gallizioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323263","article-title":"Rapid gut dysbiosis induced by stroke exacerbates brain infarction in turn","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4194","article-title":"Translocation and dissemination of commensal bacteria in post-stroke infection","volume":"22","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715475","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.715475","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota Is an Independent Risk Factor of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia: A Chinese Pilot Study","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00863-4","article-title":"Disruptions of Anaerobic Gut Bacteria Are Associated with Stroke and Post-stroke Infection: A Prospective Case-Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Haak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009617","article-title":"Diagnosis of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia: Recommendations From the Pneumonia in Stroke Consensus Group","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211012136","article-title":"Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project Classification: A proposed automated algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Mohr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Stroke J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment","volume":"24","author":"Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1296","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1296","article-title":"Glasgow coma scale explained","volume":"365","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880220","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1880220","article-title":"The gut microbiota during the progression of atherosclerosis in the perimenopausal period shows specific compositional changes and significant correlations with circulating lipid metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799222","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.799222","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Acute Ischemic Stroke Associated With 3-Month Unfavorable Outcome","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13401","article-title":"Bidirectional Brain-gut-microbiota Axis in increased intestinal permeability induced by central nervous system injury","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wassenaar, T.M., Juncos, V.A., and Zimmermann, K. (2021). Interactions between the Gut Microbiome, Lung Conditions, and Coronary Heart Disease and How Probiotics Affect These. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189700"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182184ee7","article-title":"Commensal microflora contribute to host defense against Escherichia coli pneumonia through Toll-like receptors","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019378108","article-title":"Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection","volume":"108","author":"Ichinohe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, R., Larkinson, M., and Clarke, T. (2021). Immunological design of commensal communities to treat intestinal infection and inflammation. PLOS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009191"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595522","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.595522","article-title":"Role of the Microbiome in Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Chioma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711359","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.711359","article-title":"Circulating Levels of the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate Mediate the Effect of the Gut Microbiome on Visceral Fat","volume":"12","author":"Nogal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64998-0","article-title":"Bacteroides cellulosilyticus sp. nov., a cellulolytic bacterium from the human gut microbial community","volume":"57","author":"Robert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12190","article-title":"A gut butyrate-producing bacterium Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum regulates short-chain fatty acid transporter and receptor to reduce the progression of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106031","article-title":"Changes in the gut microbiota during and after commercial helium-oxygen saturation diving in China","volume":"76","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042839","article-title":"Dietary gut microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and host metabolic regulation","volume":"7","author":"Kasubuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3100858","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids","volume":"3","author":"Vinolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","article-title":"Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells","volume":"504","author":"Furusawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.022","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c(-) Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and CD8(+) T Cell Metabolism","volume":"48","author":"Trompette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11152-6","article-title":"Microbiota-derived acetate protects against respiratory syncytial virus infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response","volume":"10","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-01-828996","article-title":"Impact of gut colonization with butyrate-producing microbiota on respiratory viral infection following allo-HCT","volume":"131","author":"Haak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.316448","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Promote Poststroke Recovery in Aged Mice","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2167-x","article-title":"Synbiotics modulate gut microbiota and reduce enteritis and ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with sepsis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4068","article-title":"Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal gammadelta T cells","volume":"22","author":"Benakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2018.1.85","article-title":"Adhesion properties of toxigenic corynebacteria","volume":"4","author":"Ott","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.02.015","article-title":"Clostridium innocuum is a vancomycin-resistant pathogen that may cause antibiotic-associated diarrhoea","volume":"24","author":"Chia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.05.007","article-title":"Gut microbiome in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) differs from that in healthy comparison babies and offers an explanation for the risk factor of prone position","volume":"304","author":"Highet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2803.204421","article-title":"Case-Control Study of Clostridium innocuum Infection, Taiwan","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210915115056","article-title":"Microbiome in Critical Care: An Unconventional and Unknown Ally","volume":"29","author":"Zanza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128130","article-title":"Effescts of acute diclofenac exposure on intestinal histology, antioxidant defense, and microbiota in freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)","volume":"263","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00058-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: A Model of Adaptability to Its Environment","volume":"32","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869846","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.869846","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition reflects disease progression, severity and outcome, and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.01.002","article-title":"Research progress in stroke-induced immunodepression syndrome (SIDS) and stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP)","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.02.009","article-title":"Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health?","volume":"625","author":"Bourassa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2021.08.001","article-title":"The Genome Sequence Archive Family: Toward Explosive Data Growth and Diverse Data Types","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CNCB-NGDC (2021). Database Resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res., 49, D18\u2013D28.","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1022"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/8\/1217\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:36:16Z","timestamp":1760128576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/8\/1217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13081217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13081217","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]}}}