{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:50:48Z","timestamp":1773453048919,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral School of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences","award":["SDUM-DGB 14\/05\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDUM-DGB 14\/05\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crystal methamphetamine, a potent psychostimulant, presents a complex clinical landscape. However, insights into the predisposing factors for suicidal tendencies among Iraqi users remain limited. Our study delves into these risks among 165 patients. Rigorous multivariable analysis was conducted, employing binary logistic regression, drawing from patients from Baghdad Medical City and Ibn-Rushd Teaching Hospital. Most participants were in their third decade (26.62 \u00b1 0.53 years). Regarding suicidal ideation, our model demonstrated robust accuracy, supported by the Hosmer\u2013Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (NagelKerke\u2019s R2 = 0.49, accuracy = 79.4%, p = 0.885). Notably, chronic methamphetamine use exceeding a year (OR = 6.15, p = 0.001), absence of psychological trauma (OR = 4.58, p = 0.006), and incidence of visual hallucinations (OR = 4.52, p = 0.001) rendered users more susceptible to suicidal ideation. Furthermore, our investigation unveiled risk factors tied to psychotic features and withdrawal manifestations. The study underscores pivotal predictors of suicidal ideation, warranting interdisciplinary vigilance from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and social workers. By monitoring at-risk individuals, progression toward the intricate spectrum of suicide can be potentially averted. These findings illuminate the urgency of tailored interventions for crystal methamphetamine users, contributing to enhanced holistic care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1693793690000},"page":"1279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Risk Factors of Suicidal Ideation in Iraqi Crystal Methamphetamine Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1846-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Imam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10047, Iraq"},{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek A.","family":"Motyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sociological Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7339-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Social Sciences, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Al-Ka\u2019aby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Baghdad Medical City Teaching Complex, Baghdad 10047, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Younus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iraqi Pharmacovigilance Centre, Ministry of Health, Baghdad 10047, Iraq"},{"name":"The Middle East Chapter, The International Society of Pharmacovigilance (ISoP), London SW12 0HS, UK"},{"name":"Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 1218 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesif","family":"Al-Hemiary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Baghdad Medical City Teaching Complex, Baghdad 10047, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10047, Iraq"},{"name":"Psychiatry Council, The Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations, Baghdad 10047, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2852-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.003","article-title":"Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: A review","volume":"75","author":"Sulzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. 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