{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:37:58Z","timestamp":1791981478153,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82071497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071497"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81771813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81771813"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the impact of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on the brain glymphatic system (GS) in opioid addiction in China. A total of 51 male MMT patients, 48 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs), and 20 heroin dependents (HDs) were recruited for this study. The GS functioning was assessed using diffusion-tensor-imaging analysis along perivascular spaces (DTI-ALPS index) and the bilateral ALPS divergency (DivALPS). Group differences were analyzed utilizing ANOVA and two-sample t-tests. The relationship between DivALPS and relapse rate was explored using regression analysis. The DTI-ALPS index was significantly higher for the left-side brain than the right side in all three groups. There was a significant difference for the right side (p = 0.0098) between the groups. The MMT and HD groups showed significantly higher DTI-ALPS than the HC group (p = 0.018 and 0.016, respectively). The DivALPS varied significantly among the three groups (p = 0.04), with the HD group showing the lowest and the HC group the highest values. Significant negative relationships were found between relapse count, DivALPS (p &lt; 0.0001, Exp(B) = 0.6047), and age (p &lt; 0.0001, Exp(B) = 0.9142). The findings suggest that MMT may contribute to promoting brain GS recovery in heroin addicts, and modulation of the GS may serve as a potential biomarker for relapse risk, providing insights into novel therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T09:51:37Z","timestamp":1694080297000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Glymphatic-System Function Is Associated with Addiction and Relapse in Heroin Dependents Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Xi\u2019an Daxing Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Xi\u2019an Daxing Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Xi\u2019an Daxing Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Xi\u2019an Daxing Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, People\u2019s Hospital of Tongchuan City, Tongchuan 727000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yarong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD002209","article-title":"Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence","volume":"2009","author":"Mattick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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