{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:05:35Z","timestamp":1789733135362,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/N0277361\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0277361\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/N017757\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N017757\/1"]}]},{"name":"Royal Centre for Defence Medicine","award":["MR\/N0277361\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0277361\/1"]}]},{"name":"Royal Centre for Defence Medicine","award":["MR\/N017757\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N017757\/1"]}]},{"name":"Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies","award":["MR\/N0277361\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0277361\/1"]}]},{"name":"Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies","award":["MR\/N017757\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N017757\/1"]}]},{"name":"Imperial College London","award":["MR\/N0277361\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0277361\/1"]}]},{"name":"Imperial College London","award":["MR\/N017757\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N017757\/1"]}]},{"name":"The Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland","award":["MR\/N0277361\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N0277361\/1"]}]},{"name":"The Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland","award":["MR\/N017757\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N017757\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to repeated mild blast traumatic brain injury (mbTBI) is common in combat soldiers and the training of Special Forces. Evidence suggests that repeated exposure to a mild or subthreshold blast can cause serious and long-lasting impairments, but the mechanisms causing these symptoms are unclear. In this study, we characterise the effects of single and tightly coupled repeated mbTBI in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats exposed to shockwaves generated using a shock tube. The primary outcomes are functional neurologic function (unconsciousness, neuroscore, weight loss, and RotaRod performance) and neuronal density in brain regions associated with sensorimotor function. Exposure to a single shockwave does not result in functional impairments or histologic injury, which is consistent with a mild or subthreshold injury. In contrast, exposure to three tightly coupled shockwaves results in unconsciousness, along with persistent neurologic impairments. Significant neuronal loss following repeated blast was observed in the motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, auditory cortex, and amygdala. Neuronal loss was not accompanied by changes in astrocyte reactivity. Our study identifies specific brain regions particularly sensitive to repeated mbTBI. The reasons for this sensitivity may include exposure to less attenuated shockwaves or proximity to tissue density transitions, and this merits further investigation. Our novel model will be useful in elucidating the mechanisms of sensitisation to injury, the temporal window of sensitivity and the evaluation of new treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T08:58:08Z","timestamp":1694422688000},"page":"1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Repetitive, but Not Single, Mild Blast TBI Causes Persistent Neurological Impairments and Selective Cortical Neuronal Loss in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Campos-Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bee Eng","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariia","family":"Koziakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Ujvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isobel","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and 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UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"},{"name":"Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, 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