{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:00:10Z","timestamp":1784955610254,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2B5B01001933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2B5B01001933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fund of the Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital","award":["2022R1A2B5B01001933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2B5B01001933"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) has shown positive outcomes in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as enhancing postural balance and cognitive functions. In order to expedite the practical application of GVS in clinical settings, our objective was to determine the best GVS parameters for patients with vestibulopathy and cerebellar disorders using optimal design calculation. Methods: A total of 31 patients (26 males, mean age 57.03 \u00b1 14.75 years, age range 22\u201382 years) with either unilateral or bilateral vestibulopathy (n = 18) or cerebellar ataxia (n = 13) were enrolled in the study. The GVS intervention included three parameters, waveform (sinusoidal, direct current [DC], and noisy), amplitude (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mA), and duration of stimulation (5 and 30 min), resulting in a total of 18 GVS intervention modes as input variables. To evaluate the effectiveness of GVS, clinical vertigo and gait assessments were conducted using the Dizziness Visual Analogue Scale (D-VAS), Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), and Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) as output variables. Optimal design and local sensitivity analysis were employed to determine the most optimal GVS modes. Results: Patients with unilateral vestibulopathy experienced the most favorable results with either noisy or sinusoidal GVS at 0.4 mA amplitude for 30 min, followed by DC GVS at 0.8 mA amplitude for 5 min. Noisy GVS at 0.8 or 0.4 mA amplitude for 30 min demonstrated the most beneficial effects in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy. For patients with cerebellar ataxia, the optimal choices were noisy GVS with 0.8 or 0.4 mA amplitude for 5 or 30 min. Conclusions: This study is the first to utilize design optimization methods to identify the GVS stimulation parameters that are tailored to individual-specific characteristics of dizziness and imbalance. A sensitivity analysis was carried out along with the optimal design to offset the constraints of a limited sample size, resulting in the identification of the most efficient GVS modes for patients suffering from vestibular and cerebellar disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13091333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T06:12:21Z","timestamp":1694931141000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Optimal Design of Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation for Patients with Vestibulopathy and Cerebellar Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8691-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Tin","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue 49120, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Beop","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Integrated Energy-AI, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Ju","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Brunoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.002","article-title":"Electrified minds: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) as methods of non-invasive brain stimulation in neuropsychology\u2014A review of current data and future implications","volume":"48","author":"Utz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00008.2004","article-title":"Probing the human vestibular system with galvanic stimulation","volume":"96","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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