{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:04:05Z","timestamp":1792803845133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS094200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS094200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 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Speech-Language-Hearing Foundation","award":["R01-NS096037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS096037"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wjf5d60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Foundation","award":["R01DC018734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018734"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wjf5d60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Foundation","award":["UL1TR001425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001425"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wjf5d60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center Research Foundation","award":["R01-NS094200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS094200"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01hcyya48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center Research Foundation","award":["R01-NS096037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS096037"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01hcyya48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center Research Foundation","award":["R01DC018734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018734"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01hcyya48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center Research Foundation","award":["UL1TR001425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001425"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01hcyya48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unaddressed maternal psychological distress within the first year postpartum is known to have numerous negative consequences on the child\u2019s developmental outcomes, including language acquisition. This study examined the relationship between early maternal psychosocial factors and the language outcomes of children born very preterm (VPT; \u226432 weeks gestational age). It used data from the Cincinnati Infant Neurodevelopment Early Prediction Study, an ongoing National-Institutes-of-Health-funded prospective, multicenter cohort investigation of VPT infants. A total of 243 (125 boys; 118 girls) children born VPT (M = 29.03 weeks of gestation; SD = 2.47) and their corresponding 207 mothers (34 with multiple infants) were included in this study. We did not find an association between maternal depression or anxiety and Bayley-III (M = 92.3, SD = 18.9) language scores. Additionally, maternal grit and self-efficacy did not modify the relationship between depression and anxiety and language scores. A higher level of maternal education and infant female sex were significantly associated with higher language scores. While preterm birth typically results in higher rates of depression and anxiety for parents, the findings suggest that maternal depression, anxiety, and grit and the self-efficacy of the mothers in this sample did not relate to the language development of their children, independent of maternal education and infant female sex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T03:44:42Z","timestamp":1695354282000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Language Outcomes of Children Born Very Preterm in Relation to Early Maternal Depression and Anxiety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisan","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"},{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Creaghead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Vannest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"},{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Prevention of Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA"},{"name":"Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Center for Prevention of Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0163-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Ionio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekibib","family":"Altaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention of Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1375-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nehal A.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention of Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14064","article-title":"Does maternal postpartum depression affect children\u2019s developmental outcomes?","volume":"45","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F43","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-312141","article-title":"Parenting stress trajectories in mothers of very preterm infants to 2 years","volume":"103","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1017\/S1463423619000021","article-title":"Stress and feelings in mothers and fathers in NICU: Identifying risk factors for early interventions","volume":"20","author":"Ionio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim. Health Care Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.027","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcome After Extreme Prematurity: A Review of the Literature","volume":"52","author":"Jarjour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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