{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:30:52Z","timestamp":1760149852129,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Chronic pain after spinal surgery (CPSS), formerly known as failed back surgery syndrome, encompasses a variety of highly incapacitating chronic pain syndromes emerging after spinal surgery. The intractability of CPSS makes objective parameters that could aid classification and treatment essential. In this study, we investigated the use of cerebral diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: Cerebral 3T diffusion-weighted (DW-) MRI data from adult CPSS patients were assessed and compared with those of healthy controls matched by age and gender. Only imaging data without relevant artefacts or significant pathologies were included. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were calculated from the b0 and b1000 values using nonlinear regression. After skull stripping and affine registration of all imaging data, ADC values for fifteen anatomical regions were calculated and analyzed with independent samples T-tests. Results: A total of 32 subjects were included (sixteen CPSS patients and sixteen controls). The mean ADC value of the spinothalamic tract was found to be significantly higher in CPSS patients compared with in healthy controls (p = 0.013). The other anatomical regions did not show statistically different ADC values between the two groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients suffering from CPSS are subject to microstructural changes, predominantly within the cerebral spinothalamic tract. Additional research could possibly lead to imaging biomarkers derived from ADC values in CPSS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:53:00Z","timestamp":1695700380000},"page":"1370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microstructural Changes in the Spinothalamic Tract of CPSS Patients: Preliminary Results from a Single-Center Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1110-840X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard L.","family":"Witkam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara S.","family":"Burmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan W. M.","family":"Van Goethem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Imaging, VITAZ, 9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja G.","family":"van der Kolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kris C. P.","family":"Vissers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan J. H. A.","family":"Henssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001413","article-title":"The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: Chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain","volume":"160","author":"Schug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463713479096","article-title":"Failed back surgery syndrome\u2014definition, epidemiology and demographics","volume":"7","author":"Thomson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. 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