{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:35:42Z","timestamp":1760150142089,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pituitary gland, a puzzling medical subject up until the 20th century, had its early pathologies first documented in the 19th century by Pierre Marie and Hutchinson, where the gland\u2019s meaningful study was hindered by its hard-to-reach location. This paper revisits the pioneering work of Romanian doctors such as Gheorghe Marinescu, Nicolae Paulescu, and Grigore T. Popa in surgical techniques targeting the pituitary gland. Marinescu\u2019s 1892 experiment, albeit unsuccessful, laid the groundwork for future research in this area. Before Paulescu, surgical attempts could be classified into three types: oral, cranial, and sphenopalatine fossa approaches\u2014all of which were notably dangerous and often resulted in fatal bleeding. Paulescu was the first to successfully and safely perform a complete in vivo hypophysectomy, opting for an innovative subtemporal method. He also conducted extensive research over four years to identify the gland\u2019s essential functions. Later, a 1938 study by Popa and Harris demonstrated a temporal approach to the hypothalamo-hypophysial region in a rabbit. These groundbreaking contributions significantly influenced the trajectory of pituitary gland surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T04:56:43Z","timestamp":1696827403000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Surgical Odyssey: Romania\u2019s Contributions to Pituitary Gland Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Toader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei-Adrian","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razvan-Adrian","family":"Covache-Busuioc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan-Gabriel","family":"Bratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Vlad","family":"Ciurea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Medical Science Section, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Sur deux cas d\u2019acromegalie: Hipertrophie singuliere non congenitale des extremites superieures, inferieures et cephaliques","volume":"6","author":"Marie","year":"1886","journal-title":"Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"539","article-title":"Sur l\u2019anatomie pathologique de l\u2019acromegalie","volume":"3","author":"Marie","year":"1891","journal-title":"Arch. Exp. Anat. Path."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"509","article-title":"De la destruction de la glande pituitaire chez le chat","volume":"44","author":"Marinesco","year":"1892","journal-title":"CR Seances Soc. Biol. Fil."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Greenblatt, S.H., Forcht Dagi, T., and Epstein, M.H. (1997). A History of Neurosurgery in Its Scientific and Professional Contexts, American Association of Neurological Surgeons."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Paulesco, N.C. (1908). L\u2019hypophyse Du Cerveau. I. Physiologie, Vigot Fre\u00e8res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(1907). Schloffer H: Erfolgreiche Operation eines Hypophysentumors auf nasalem Wege. Wien Klin. Wchnschr., 20, 621\u2013624."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.6.1083","article-title":"The history and evolution of transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-190912000-00003","article-title":"Partial Hypophysectomy for Acromegaly: With Remarks on the Function of the Hypophysis","volume":"50","author":"Cushing","year":"1909","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, E., and Haymaker, W. (1974). Breakthroughs in Hypothalamic and Pituitary Research, Progress in Brain Research, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)61898-1"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"226","article-title":"A Technique for Operations on the Hypothalamo-Hypophysial Region of the Rabbit","volume":"72","author":"Harris","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Anat."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/10\/1431\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:55Z","timestamp":1760130175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/10\/1431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13101431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13101431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]}}}