{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:20:40Z","timestamp":1791555640707,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15MH117368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15MH117368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH126448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH126448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBIR17PIL012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBIR17PIL012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBIR22PIL002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBIR22PIL002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008474","name":"New Jersey Commission on Brain Injury Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15MH117368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15MH117368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008474","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008474","name":"New Jersey Commission on Brain Injury Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH126448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH126448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008474","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008474","name":"New Jersey Commission on Brain Injury Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBIR17PIL012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBIR17PIL012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008474","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008474","name":"New Jersey Commission on Brain Injury Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CBIR22PIL002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBIR22PIL002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008474","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high prevalence, heritability, and heterogeneity. Children with a positive family history of ADHD have a heightened risk of ADHD emergence, persistence, and executive function deficits, with the neural mechanisms having been under investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate working memory-related functional brain activation patterns in children with ADHD (with vs. without positive family histories (ADHD-F vs. ADHD-NF)) and matched typically developing children (TDC). Voxel-based and region of interest analyses were conducted on two-back task-based fMRI data of 362 subjects, including 186, 96, and 80 children in groups of TDC, ADHD-NF, and ADHD-F, respectively. Relative to TDC, both ADHD groups had significantly reduced activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). And the ADHD-F group demonstrated a significant positive association of left IFG activation with task reaction time, a negative association of the right IFG with ADHD symptomatology, and a negative association of the IFG activation laterality index with the inattention symptom score. These results suggest that working memory-related functional alterations in bilateral IFGs may play distinct roles in ADHD-F, with the functional underdevelopment of the left IFG significantly informing the onset of ADHD symptoms. Our findings have the potential to assist in tailored diagnoses and targeted interventions in children with ADHD-F.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T09:55:06Z","timestamp":1697622906000},"page":"1469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Working Memory-Related Neurofunctional Correlates Associated with the Frontal Lobe in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8153-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chirag","family":"Motwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Halperin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"63","author":"Barkley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211027932","article-title":"Expanding Understanding of Racial-Ethnic Differences in ADHD Prevalence Rates among Children to Include Asians and Alaskan Natives\/American Indians","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis","volume":"164","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-006-0011-z","article-title":"Subtypes of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Distinct or related disorders across measurement levels?","volume":"36","author":"Baeyens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child. Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012281226028","article-title":"A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD","volume":"29","author":"Chhabildas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00042","article-title":"A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.647","article-title":"Cerebellar development and clinical outcome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"164","author":"Mackie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.4.560","article-title":"Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"132","author":"Halperin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.006","article-title":"Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review","volume":"57","author":"Willcutt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.025","article-title":"Causal heterogeneity in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Do we need neuropsychologically impaired subtypes?","volume":"57","author":"Nigg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112888","article-title":"Heterogeneity in brain functional changes of cognitive processing in ADHD across age: A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies","volume":"397","author":"Yap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.024","article-title":"Molecular genetics of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"Faraone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2817","article-title":"Association of Genetic Risk Variants with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Trajectories in the General Population","volume":"73","author":"Riglin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001067","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A large Swedish population-based study of twins","volume":"43","author":"Larsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0469","article-title":"Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Developmental Course of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms From Childhood to Adolescence","volume":"72","author":"Pingault","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200011000-00018","article-title":"Adoptive and biological families of children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"39","author":"Sprich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002547","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of memory, delay aversion, timing, inhibition, decision making and variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Advancing beyond the three-pathway models","volume":"44","author":"Coghill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712439419","article-title":"Increased response-time variability across different cognitive tasks in children with ADHD","volume":"18","author":"Adamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"255","author":"Baddeley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01192-8","article-title":"Multimethod investigation of the neurobiological basis of ADHD symptomatology in children aged 9\u201310: Baseline data from the ABCD study","volume":"11","author":"Owens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896","article-title":"Neuroscience of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes","volume":"3","author":"Castellanos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050388","article-title":"Attention-deficit disorder (attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder without hyperactivity): A neurobiologically and behaviorally distinct disorder from attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (with hyperactivity)","volume":"17","author":"Diamond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.07.001","article-title":"Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review","volume":"32","author":"Kasper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.12.003","article-title":"Dissociation of working memory impairments and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in the brain","volume":"10","author":"Mattfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.04.001","article-title":"Exploring neural heterogeneity in inattention and hyperactivity","volume":"164","author":"Zdorovtsova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701754720","article-title":"Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder combined type: Are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control?","volume":"30","author":"Brocki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9215-y","article-title":"Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes","volume":"36","author":"Rapport","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032371","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and working memory in adults: A meta-analytic review","volume":"27","author":"Alderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2008.10.008","article-title":"Effects of methylphenidate on working memory functioning in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"13","author":"Kobel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.03.010","article-title":"Structural and functional imaging approaches in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Does the temporal lobe play a key role?","volume":"183","author":"Kobel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massat, I., Slama, H., Kavec, M., Linotte, S., Mary, A., Baleriaux, D., Metens, T., Mendlewicz, J., and Peigneux, P. (2012). Working memory-related functional brain patterns in never medicated children with ADHD. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049392"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.137.2.201","article-title":"Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin","volume":"137","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.04.003","article-title":"Testing for neuropsychological endophenotypes in siblings discordant for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"62","author":"Bidwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN1703_1","article-title":"Heritability and the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with behavioral disorders and executive function deficits: A preliminary investigation","volume":"17","author":"Coolidge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713482582","article-title":"Visuospatial working memory in ADHD patients, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls","volume":"18","author":"Heslenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0449-z","article-title":"The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings","volume":"47","author":"Luman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.287","article-title":"Developmental twin study of attention problems: High heritabilities throughout development","volume":"70","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.1.65","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD","volume":"121","author":"Barkley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"170","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in ADHD\u2013First results of the trial E-StimADHD","volume":"16","author":"Brauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodul."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108390","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpbs.108390","article-title":"A comparison of methylphenidate (MPH) and combined methylphenidate with Crocus sativus (Saffron) in the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Khaksarian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140377","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry analysis reveals frontal brain differences in participants with ADHD and their unaffected siblings","volume":"41","author":"Bralten","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06101754","article-title":"Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD","volume":"164","author":"Casey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.07.019","article-title":"Familial risk and ADHD-specific neural activity revealed by case-control, discordant twin pair design","volume":"233","author":"Godinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baboli, R., Cao, M., Halperin, J.M., and Li, X. (2022). Distinct Thalamic and Frontal Neuroanatomical Substrates in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13010046"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.12.004","article-title":"The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: Findings from the ABCD study\u2019s baseline neurocognitive battery","volume":"36","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0736-6","article-title":"The ABCD study: Understanding the development of risk for mental and physical health outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Karcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.05.003","article-title":"Implications of the ABCD study for developmental neuroscience","volume":"32","author":"Bjork","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004","article-title":"Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures","volume":"32","author":"Garavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e5f","article-title":"NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function","volume":"80","author":"Gershon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.10.010","article-title":"Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description","volume":"32","author":"Barch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Kobak, K.A., Kratochvil, C., Stanger, C., and Kaufman, J. (2013). Computerized screening of comorbidity in adolescents with substance or psychiatric disorders, Anxiety Disorders and Depression."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054717753064","article-title":"Evaluation of Psychometric Properties and Factorial Structure of ADHD Module of K-SADS-PL in Children From Rural Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Kariuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Pena, F.R., Villavicencio, L.R., Palacio, J.D., Felix, F.J., Larraguibel, M., Viola, L., Ortiz, S., Rosetti, M., Abadi, A., and Montiel, C. (2018). Validity and reliability of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia present and lifetime version DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL-5) Spanish version. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1773-0"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Conners, C.K., Erhardt, D., and Sparrow, E.P. (1999). Conners\u2019 Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS): Technical Manual, Multi-Health Systems."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2013.783045","article-title":"Edinburgh Handedness Inventory\u2014Short Form: A revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"Veale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537962","article-title":"A self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Achenbach, T., and Maruish, M. (1999). The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites","volume":"32","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13080","article-title":"N-back Working Memory Task: Meta-analysis of Normative fMRI Studies with Children","volume":"89","author":"Yaple","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child. Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116091","article-title":"Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study","volume":"202","author":"Hagler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132","article-title":"Improved optimization for the robust and accurate linear registration and motion correction of brain images","volume":"17","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033","article-title":"Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies","volume":"54","author":"Fonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70884-5","article-title":"Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood","volume":"47","author":"Fonov","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0931","article-title":"Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of FMRI data","volume":"14","author":"Woolrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.058","article-title":"Cluster-extent based thresholding in fMRI analyses: Pitfalls and recommendations","volume":"91","author":"Woo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73","article-title":"A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"44","author":"Martinussen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.037","article-title":"What do differences between multi-voxel and univariate analysis mean? How subject-, voxel-, and trial-level variance impact fMRI analysis","volume":"97","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.023","article-title":"Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference","volume":"21","author":"Woolrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116189","article-title":"Automated anatomical labelling atlas 3","volume":"206","author":"Rolls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/421719","article-title":"Stereotaxic display of brain lesions","volume":"12","author":"Rorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500600691162","article-title":"Laterality and language experience","volume":"11","author":"Hull","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.4.926","article-title":"Functional MRI lateralization of memory in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"50","author":"Detre","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00198-X","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetries in cerebral cortical networks","volume":"26","author":"Hutsler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"115","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of lateralized cerebral function. A review","volume":"2","author":"Strauss","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hum. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.10.010","article-title":"Laterality index in functional MRI: Methodological issues","volume":"26","author":"Seghier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00476-x","article-title":"Abnormal hemispheric asymmetry of both brain function and structure in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4476-04.2005","article-title":"The relationship between task performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging response","volume":"25","author":"Buracas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, M., Wang, J., and He, Y. (2013). BrainNet Viewer: A network visualization tool for human brain connectomics. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.05958.x","article-title":"Cognitive control and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex: Reflexive reorienting, motor inhibition, and action updating","volume":"1224","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00275-1","article-title":"Right inferior prefrontal cortex mediates response inhibition while mesial prefrontal cortex is responsible for error detection","volume":"20","author":"Rubia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109","article-title":"The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus: Inhibition and attentional control","volume":"50","author":"Hampshire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.06.022","article-title":"Diversity of the inferior frontal gyrus\u2014A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"225","author":"Liakakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.12061","article-title":"Neuroimaging analyses of human working memory","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/35097575","article-title":"An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex","volume":"2","author":"Duncan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755","article-title":"Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain","volume":"3","author":"Corbetta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/363623a0","article-title":"Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET","volume":"363","author":"Jonides","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20131","article-title":"N-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"25","author":"Owen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn3101_6","article-title":"Working memory performance in typically developing children and adolescents: Behavioral evidence of protracted frontal lobe development","volume":"31","author":"Conklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.08.004","article-title":"The top and the bottom of ADHD: A neuropsychological perspective","volume":"27","author":"Sergeant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707000815","article-title":"Reaction time performance in ADHD: Improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects","volume":"37","author":"Andreou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.01.022","article-title":"Cingulate, frontal, and parietal cortical dysfunction in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"69","author":"Bush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.023","article-title":"\u201cCool\u201d inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder versus \u201chot\u201d ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: A review","volume":"69","author":"Rubia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200205000-00014","article-title":"Putamen lesions and the development of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity symptomatology","volume":"41","author":"Max","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11101521","article-title":"Toward systems neuroscience of ADHD: A meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies","volume":"169","author":"Cortese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.011","article-title":"Brain alterations in children\/adolescents with ADHD revisited: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of 96 structural and functional studies","volume":"100","author":"Samea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1631","article-title":"Lateral prefrontal cortex: Architectonic and functional organization","volume":"360","author":"Petrides","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Miller, B.L., and Cummings, J.L. (2017). The Human Frontal Lobes: Functions and Disorders, Guilford Publications. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.255","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Wager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2019.01.002","article-title":"A coordinate-based meta-analysis of the n-back working memory paradigm using activation likelihood estimation","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01671.x","article-title":"The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Dickstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00100","article-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation","volume":"12","author":"Rubia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"27250","article-title":"A review of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: Uncovering this hidden diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-022-00999-w","article-title":"Distinct Neural Profiles of Frontoparietal Networks in Boys with ADHD and Boys with Persistent Depressive Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Vilgis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0b013e318293749e","article-title":"Areas of the brain modulated by single-dose methylphenidate treatment in youth with ADHD during task-based fMRI: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Czerniak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2012.10.001","article-title":"Right prefrontal activation as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children: An fNIRS study","volume":"1","author":"Monden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/10\/1469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:08:44Z","timestamp":1760130524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/10\/1469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13101469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13101469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]}}}