{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:39:15Z","timestamp":1772930355532,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82360267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The structural covariance network (SCN) alterations in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and comorbid sleep disorder (PWSD) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate changes in SCNs using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: Thirty-four PWSD patients, thirty-three patients with temporal lobe epilepsy without sleep disorder (PWoSD), and seventeen healthy controls underwent high-resolution structural MRI imaging. Subsequently, SCNs were constructed based on gray matter volume and analyzed via graph-theoretical approaches. Results: PWSD exhibited significantly increased clustering coefficients, shortest path lengths, transitivity, and local efficiency. In addition, various distributions and numbers of SCN hubs were identified in PWSD. Furthermore, PWSD networks were less robust to random and target attacks than those of healthy controls and PWoSD patients. Conclusion: This study identifies aberrant SCN changes in PWSD that may be related to the susceptibility of patients with epilepsy to sleep disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T01:41:21Z","timestamp":1698025281000},"page":"1493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Abnormal Topological Organization of Structural Covariance Networks in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Comorbid Sleep Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanfeng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.10.033","article-title":"Sleep and epilepsy","volume":"26","author":"Derry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14468","article-title":"Standard procedures for the diagnostic pathway of sleep-related epilepsies and comorbid sleep disorders: An EAN, ESRS and ILAE-Europe consensus review","volume":"28","author":"Nobili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.06.009","article-title":"Subjective sleep disturbance in epilepsy patients at an outpatient clinic: A questionnaire-based study on prevalence","volume":"115","author":"Ismayilova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.05.014","article-title":"Insomnia in people with epilepsy: A review of insomnia prevalence, risk factors and associations with epilepsy-related factors","volume":"135","author":"Macedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.04.019","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy and the impact on quality of life: A survey in secondary care","volume":"69","author":"Gutter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure Eur. J. Epilep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108341","article-title":"Expert Opinion: Managing sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy","volume":"124","author":"Nobili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000254","article-title":"Relationship between sleep characteristics and sudden unexplained death risk in epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Dede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22026","article-title":"Representation and propagation of epileptic activity in absences and generalized photoparoxysmal responses","volume":"34","author":"Moeller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz006","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz006","article-title":"Large-scale network architecture and associated structural cortico-subcortical abnormalities in patients with sleep\/awake-related seizures","volume":"42","author":"Chiosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01124-4","article-title":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Elicits Sleep EEG Desynchronization and Network Changes in Responder Patients in Epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Vespa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23415","article-title":"Hippocampus-associated causal network of structural covariance measuring structural damage progression in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3465","article-title":"Imaging structural co-variance between human brain regions","volume":"14","author":"Giedd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.12.052","article-title":"Current sleep disturbance in older people with a lifetime history of depression is associated with increased connectivity in the Default Mode Network","volume":"229","author":"McKinnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9299-4","article-title":"DPABI: Data Processing & Analysis for (Resting-State) Brain Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, S.M., Hoeft, F., and Kesler, S.R. (2012). GAT: A graph-theoretical analysis toolbox for analyzing between-group differences in large-scale structural and functional brain networks. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040709"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.101619","article-title":"Abnormal topological organization of structural covariance networks in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575672","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.575672","article-title":"Abnormal Topological Organization of Sulcal Depth-Based Structural Covariance Networks in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, M., Wang, J., and He, Y. (2013). BrainNet Viewer: A network visualization tool for human brain connectomics. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068910"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl149","article-title":"Small-world anatomical networks in the human brain revealed by cortical thickness from MRI","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4034","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23293","article-title":"Altered Integration of Structural Covariance Networks in Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Hosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24602","article-title":"Toward neuroimaging-based network biomarkers for transient ischemic attack","volume":"40","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.03.018","article-title":"Small-world human brain networks: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"77","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109101","article-title":"Reorganization of brain networks in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and comorbid headache","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.003","article-title":"The development of functional network organization in early childhood and early adolescence: A resting-state fNIRS study","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030017","article-title":"Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks","volume":"3","author":"Achard","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00012","article-title":"Abnormalities in Structural Covariance of Cortical Gyrification in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198701","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.198701","article-title":"Efficient behavior of small-world networks","volume":"87","author":"Latora","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20353","article-title":"Cortical functional connectivity networks in normal and spinal cord injured patients: Evaluation by graph analysis","volume":"28","author":"Fallani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12147","article-title":"Enhanced brain small-worldness after sleep deprivation: A compensatory effect","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664811","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.664811","article-title":"Cortical Thinning and Abnormal Structural Covariance Network After Three Hours Sleep Restriction","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.12.002","article-title":"Small-world networks and epilepsy: Graph theoretical analysis of intracerebrally recorded mesial temporal lobe seizures","volume":"118","author":"Ponten","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033119","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2966112","article-title":"Evolving functional network properties and synchronizability during human epileptic seizures","volume":"18","author":"Schindler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10076","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6309-09.2010","article-title":"Coalescence and fragmentation of cortical networks during focal seizures","volume":"30","author":"Kramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.012","article-title":"Disrupted brain network topology in chronic insomnia disorder: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y.G., Wang, D., Liu, K., Weng, J., Guan, Y., Chan, K.C., Chu, W.C., and Shi, L. (2015). Brain Structure Network Analysis in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139055"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21455","article-title":"Does sleep restore the topology of functional brain networks?","volume":"34","author":"Koenis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.04.294","article-title":"The functional connectivity of different EEG bands moves towards small-world network organization during sleep","volume":"119","author":"Ferri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00588","article-title":"Altered Regional Cortical Brain Activity in Healthy Subjects After Sleep Deprivation: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5519","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0733-08.2008","article-title":"Lapsing during sleep deprivation is associated with distributed changes in brain activation","volume":"28","author":"Chee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23736","article-title":"Cortical connectivity modulation during sleep onset: A study via graph theory on EEG data","volume":"38","author":"Vecchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1941","article-title":"Functional Connectivities in the Brain That Mediate the Association Between Depressive Problems and Sleep Quality","volume":"75","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7348","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5511-05.2006","article-title":"Prefrontal projections to the thalamic reticular nucleus form a unique circuit for attentional mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Zikopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.02.004","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms for the regulation of mammalian sleep-wake behavior: Reinterpretation of historical evidence and inclusion of contemporary cellular and molecular evidence","volume":"31","author":"Datta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. R."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001010","article-title":"Structural covariance and cortical reorganisation in schizophrenia: A MRI-based morphometric study","volume":"49","author":"Palaniyappan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu132","article-title":"The hubs of the human connectome are generally implicated in the anatomy of brain disorders","volume":"137","author":"Crossley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22428","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental alterations of large-scale structural networks in children with new-onset epilepsy","volume":"35","author":"Bonilha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tijms, B.M., M\u00f6ller, C., Vrenken, H., Wink, A.M., de Haan, W., van der Flier, W.M., Stam, C.J., Scheltens, P., and Barkhof, F. (2013). Single-subject grey matter graphs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6a2e6405-ce1d-49e0-a88c-0017c680d597"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.09.023","article-title":"Structural covariance networks relate to the severity of epilepsy with focal-onset seizures","volume":"20","author":"Drenthen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/10\/1493\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:09:59Z","timestamp":1760130599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/10\/1493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13101493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13101493","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]]}}}