{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:29:05Z","timestamp":1779312545788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The landscape of cranial base surgery has undergone monumental transformations over the past several decades. This article serves as a comprehensive survey, detailing both the historical and current techniques and technologies that have propelled this field into an era of unprecedented capabilities and sophistication. In the prologue, we traverse the historical evolution from rudimentary interventions to the state-of-the-art neurosurgical methodologies that define today\u2019s practice. Subsequent sections delve into the anatomical complexities of the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossa, shedding light on the intricacies that dictate surgical approaches. In a section dedicated to advanced techniques and modalities, we explore cutting-edge evolutions in minimally invasive procedures, pituitary surgery, and cranial base reconstruction. Here, we highlight the seamless integration of endocrinology, biomaterial science, and engineering into neurosurgical craftsmanship. The article emphasizes the paradigm shift towards \u201cFunctionally\u201d Guided Surgery facilitated by intraoperative neuromonitoring. We explore its historical origins, current technologies, and its invaluable role in tailoring surgical interventions across diverse pathologies. Additionally, the digital era\u2019s contributions to cranial base surgery are examined. This includes breakthroughs in endoscopic technology, robotics, augmented reality, and the potential of machine learning and AI-assisted diagnostic and surgical planning. The discussion extends to radiosurgery and radiotherapy, focusing on the harmonization of precision and efficacy through advanced modalities such as Gamma Knife and CyberKnife. The article also evaluates newer protocols that optimize tumor control while preserving neural structures. In acknowledging the holistic nature of cranial base surgery, we advocate for an interdisciplinary approach. The ecosystem of this surgical field is presented as an amalgamation of various medical disciplines, including neurology, radiology, oncology, and rehabilitation, and is further enriched by insights from patient narratives and quality-of-life metrics. The epilogue contemplates future challenges and opportunities, pinpointing potential breakthroughs in stem cell research, regenerative medicine, and genomic tailoring. Ultimately, the article reaffirms the ethos of continuous learning, global collaboration, and patient-first principles, projecting an optimistic trajectory for the field of cranial base surgery in the coming decade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T05:54:35Z","timestamp":1698040475000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Frontiers of Cranial Base Surgery: Integrating Technique, Technology, and Teamwork for the Future of Neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Toader","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucian","family":"Eva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cProf. Dr. Nicolae Oblu\u201d, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catalina-Ioana","family":"Tataru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmological Emergencies, 010464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Razvan-Adrian","family":"Covache-Busuioc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan-Gabriel","family":"Bratu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3213-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David-Ioan","family":"Dumitrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-9958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horia Petre","family":"Costin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca-Andrei","family":"Glavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Vlad","family":"Ciurea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1056983","article-title":"History of Skull Base Surgery","volume":"1","author":"Donald","year":"1991","journal-title":"Skull Base"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23687","article-title":"Celebrating the golden anniversary of anterior skull base surgery: Reflections on the Past 50 Years and Its Historical Evolution","volume":"123","author":"Husain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2015.02.002","article-title":"Historical Perspective on Evolution in Management of Lateral Skull Base Tumors","volume":"48","author":"McRackan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. 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