{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:27:18Z","timestamp":1791836838654,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre programm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BRC-1215-20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BRC-1215-20003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tinnitus (the perception of sound in the absence of any corresponding external source) is highly prevalent and can be distressing. There are unanswered questions about how tinnitus, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal behaviours co-occur and interact. To establish the extent of scientific literature, this scoping review catalogued primary reports addressing the associations between tinnitus, suicidal ideation, attempted suicide, and death by suicide. We searched OvidSP, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Google Scholar, EThoS, and ProQuest for all studies and case reports on ideation and\/or attempted and\/or completed suicide in the context of tinnitus. Twenty-three studies were included, and data were charted according to study type. Several epidemiological and other observational studies gave evidence of risk factors and an association between suicidal ideation, suicidal behaviour, and tinnitus. However, there was no evidence of the direction of causality. Qualitative studies are indicated to explore the patient\u2019s experience and understand the dynamics of any interaction between tinnitus and suicidal thoughts and behaviours. A theory-informed model of tinnitus and suicide needs to be developed to inform the development of interventions and how tinnitus patients are supported clinically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T10:32:24Z","timestamp":1698057144000},"page":"1496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Tinnitus, Suicide, and Suicidal Ideation: A Scoping Review of Primary Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carol","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"},{"name":"Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Caimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Burns-O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Audiology, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9803-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"},{"name":"Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"},{"name":"Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR MindTech MedTech Co-Operative, Institute of Mental Health, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"},{"name":"Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Sciences: Scottish Section, Glasgow, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rilana","family":"Cima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven University, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Tinnitus Center of Expertise, Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante, 6432 CC Hoensbroek, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Experimental Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Turton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Audiology, NHS Tayside, Dundee DD3 8EA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8768-1392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek J.","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG1 5DU, UK"},{"name":"Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.009","article-title":"A systematic review of the reporting of tinnitus prevalence and severity","volume":"337","author":"McCormack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. 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