{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:43:18Z","timestamp":1793472198619,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shaoxing Basic Public Welfare Program","award":["2023A14017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A14017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have demonstrated that many regions in the human brain include multidirectional fiber tracts, in which the diffusion of water molecules within image voxels does not follow a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, the conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) that hypothesizes a single fiber orientation within a voxel is intrinsically incapable of revealing the complex microstructures of brain tissues. Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) employs a pulse sequence with different b-values along multiple gradient directions to sample the diffusion information of water molecules in the entire q-space and then quantitatively estimates the diffusion profile using a probability density function with a high angular resolution. Studies have suggested that DSI can reliably observe the multidirectional fibers within each voxel and allow fiber tracking along different directions, which can improve fiber reconstruction reflecting the true but complicated brain structures that were not observed in the previous DTI studies. Moreover, with increasing angular resolution, DSI is able to reveal new neuroimaging biomarkers used for disease diagnosis and the prediction of disorder progression. However, so far, this method has not been used widely in clinical studies, due to its overly long scanning time and difficult post-processing. Within this context, the current paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of DSI research, including the fundamental principles, methodology, and application progress of DSI tractography. By summarizing the DSI studies in recent years, we propose potential solutions towards the existing problem in the methodology and applications of DSI technology as follows: (1) using compressed sensing to undersample data and to reconstruct the diffusion signal may be an efficient and promising method for reducing scanning time; (2) the probability density function includes more information than the orientation distribution function, and it should be extended in application studies; and (3) large-sample study is encouraged to confirm the reliability and reproducibility of findings in clinical diseases. These findings may help deepen the understanding of the DSI method and promote its development in clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T10:32:24Z","timestamp":1698057144000},"page":"1497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Research Progress in Diffusion Spectrum Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fenfen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain, Mind and Education, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Afiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1432-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Bihan, D., and Iima, M. 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