{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1790612505256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depression presents a significant global health burden, necessitating the search for effective and safe treatments. This investigation aims to assess the antidepressant effect of the hydroethanolic extract of Anacardium occidentale (AO) on depression-related behaviors in rats. The depression model involved 42 days of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) exposure and was assessed using the sucrose preference and the forced swimming (FST) test. Additionally, memory-related aspects were examined using the tests Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM), following 21 days of treatment with varying doses of the AO extract (150, 300, and 450 mg\/kg) and Imipramine (20 mg\/kg), commencing on day 21. The monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine), oxidative stress markers (MDA and SOD), and cytokines levels (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1) within the brain were evaluated. Additionally, the concentration of blood corticosterone was measured. Treatment with AO significantly alleviated UCMS-induced and depressive-like behaviors in rats. This was evidenced by the ability of the extract to prevent further decreases in body mass, increase sucrose consumption, reduce immobility time in the test Forced Swimming, improve cognitive performance in both tests Y-maze and the Morris water maze by increasing the target quadrant dwelling time and spontaneous alternation percentage, and promote faster feeding behavior in the novelty-suppressed feeding test. It also decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, corticosterone, and MDA levels, and increased monoamine levels and SOD activity. HPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoid compounds (ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and lupane) and polyphenols (catechin quercetin and kaempferol). These results evidenced the antidepressant effects of the AO, which might involve corticosterone and monoaminergic regulation as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T11:23:39Z","timestamp":1699356219000},"page":"1561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Extract: Possible Effects on Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Modulating Chronic Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7746-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guedang Nyayi Simon","family":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foyet Harquin","family":"Simplice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8252-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camdi Woumitna","family":"Guillaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5748-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Zahra","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Processes and Materials, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University, B.P. 539, Settat P.O. Box 26000, Morocco"},{"name":"Preclinical Department, Apollonia University, P\u0103curari Street 11, 700511 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bouvourn\u00e9","family":"Parfait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tchinda Defo Serge","family":"Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngatanko Abaissou Herv\u00e9","family":"Herv\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keugong Wado","family":"Eglantine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damo Kamda Jorelle","family":"Linda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebe Nhouma","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamleu Nkwingwa","family":"Balbine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenko Djoumessi Lea","family":"Blondelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 814, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin","family":"Ciobica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research of the Romanian Academy, 700506 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Romila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Department, Apollonia University, P\u0103curari Street 11, 700511 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-2012-9","article-title":"Ficus sycomorus extract reversed behavioral impairment and brain oxidative stress induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress in rats","volume":"17","author":"Foyet","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. 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