{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:19:58Z","timestamp":1780514398048,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["409123\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409123\/2022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.505364\/2020-01a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.505364\/2020-01a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["409123\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409123\/2022-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.505364\/2020-01a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.505364\/2020-01a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development (FUNCAP)","award":["409123\/2022-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["409123\/2022-6"]}]},{"name":"Foundation to Support Scientific and Technological Development (FUNCAP)","award":["88881.505364\/2020-01a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.505364\/2020-01a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>APOE \u03b54 polymorphism has been recently described as a possible association with cognitive deficits in COVID-19 patients. This research aimed to establish the correlation between COVID-19 and cognitive impairment, and the APOE gene polymorphism among outpatients. We performed a cross-sectional study with confirmed COVID-19 patients and neurological symptoms that persisted for more than three months from onset. APOE genotypes were determined. The final number of patients included in this study was 219, of which 186 blood samples were collected for APOE genotyping, evaluated 4.5 months after COVID-19. Among the participants, 143 patients (65.3%) reported memory impairment symptoms as their primary concern. However, this complaint was objectively verified through screening tests (Addenbrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised and Mini-Mental State Examination) in only 36 patients (16.4%). The group experiencing cognitive decline exhibited a higher prevalence of the APOE \u03b54 allele than the normal group (30.8% vs. 16.4%, respectively, p = 0.038). Furthermore, the APOE \u03b54 allele and anxiety symptoms remained significant after multivariate analysis. This study assessed an outpatient population where cognitive changes were the primary complaint, even in mild cases. Moreover, the \u03b54 allele, sleep disorders, and anxiety symptoms were more frequent in the cognitive decline group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T10:24:13Z","timestamp":1700562253000},"page":"1611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Decline and Apoe Polymorphism: Towards a Possible Link?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Wagner Leonel","family":"Tavares-J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo Nunes","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Breno Silveira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Research and Development Center (NPDM), Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Werbety Lucas","family":"Queiroz Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur Victor Menezes","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Cavalcante","family":"Marinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, State University of Cear\u00e1 (UECE), Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Chaves Vieira","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safira de Brito","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, State University of Cear\u00e1 (UECE), Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmem Meyve Pereira","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Center, State University of Cear\u00e1 (UECE), Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds Lacerda Brasil","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Research and Development Center (NPDM), Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Aquino","family":"Moreira-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Research and Development Center (NPDM), Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle Silva Tavares","family":"Sobreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elisabete Amaral de","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Research and Development Center (NPDM), Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoel Alves","family":"Sobreira-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Carvalho","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Research and Development Center (NPDM), Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-9243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Braga-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Clinical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Walter Cantidio University Hospital, Federal University of Cear\u00e1 (UFC), Fortaleza 60020-181, CE, Brazil"},{"name":"Health Sciences Center, State University of Cear\u00e1 (UECE), Fortaleza 60714-903, CE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"77","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022","article-title":"The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients","volume":"129","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14775","article-title":"Cognitive decline among individuals with history of mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal prospective study nested to a population cohort","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010640","article-title":"Long-Haul COVID","volume":"95","author":"Nath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10923-4","article-title":"Potential protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection by APOE rs7412 polymorphism","volume":"12","author":"Colmenarejo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa131","article-title":"APOE e4 genotype predicts severe COVID-19 in the UK biobank community cohort","volume":"75","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.-Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91705-Q","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"342","author":"Poirier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01118-4","article-title":"APOE interacts with ACE2 inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry and inflammation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorkina, Y., Syunyakov, T., Abramova, O., Andryushchenko, A., Andreuyk, D., Abbazova, E., Goncharov, D., Rakova, A., Andriushchenko, N., and Gryadunov, D. (2022). Positive Effect of Cognitive Training in Older Adults with Different APOE Genotypes and COVID-19 History: A 1-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102312"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160401115127","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Genetic Risk Factor APOE-\u03b54 Also Affects Normal Brain Function","volume":"13","author":"Heinsinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947583","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.947583","article-title":"Long-covid cognitive impairment: Cognitive assessment and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping correlation in a Brazilian cohort","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-022-00316-y","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mutual risks and mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.001","article-title":"A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Jessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Scientific, T.F. (2022, August 04). SNP APOE, C___3084793_20. Available online: https:\/\/www.bioz.com\/result\/snp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800405","article-title":"Book Review: Nonparametric statistical methods, 2nd edition","volume":"8","author":"Akritas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Jay, C.W. (1999). Practical Nonparametric Statistics, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, A.E.F., Oliveira, D.N., Torres, D.M., Tavares-J\u00fanior, J.W.L., N\u00f3brega, P.R., Braga-Neto, P., and Sobreira-Neto, M.A. (2022). Central hypersomnia and chronic insomnia: Expanding the spectrum of sleep disorders in long COVID syndrome\u2014A prospective cohort study. BMC Neurol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02940-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5","article-title":"Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Varga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2019373","article-title":"Neuropathological Features of COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Solomon","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"156","article-title":"Microglia and Inflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord.-Drug Targets (Former. Curr. Drug Targets-CNS Neurol. Disord.)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.044","article-title":"ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 Differentially Stimulate APP Transcription and A\u03b2 Secretion","volume":"168","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200960119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2200960119","article-title":"Morphological, cellular, and molecular basis of brain infection in COVID-19 patients","volume":"119","author":"Crunfli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112196","article-title":"APOE modulates microglial immunometabolism in response to age, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory challenge","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106230","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106230","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 targets neurons of 3D human brain organoids","volume":"39","author":"Ramani","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.020","article-title":"ApoE \u03b54 is associated with eIF2\u03b1 phosphorylation and impaired learning in young mice","volume":"34","author":"Segev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03945-7","article-title":"ApoE4 associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes via downregulation of ACE2 and imbalanced RAS pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as, C., Arendt-Nielsen, L., D\u00edaz-Gil, G., G\u00f3mez-Esquer, F., Gil-Crujera, A., G\u00f3mez-S\u00e1nchez, S.M., Ambite-Quesada, S., Palomar-Gallego, M.A., Pellicer-Valero, O.J., and Giordano, R. (2023). Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) \u03b54 Genotype (ApoE rs429358\u2014ApoE rs7412 Polymorphisms) Is Not Associated with Long COVID Symptoms in Previously Hospitalized COVID-19 Survivors. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14071420"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_543_22","article-title":"Profiling cognitive impairment in mild COVID-19 patients: A case-control study at a secondary healthcare centre in the hilly region of North India","volume":"25","author":"Khanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Indian. Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15307","article-title":"Neurological outcomes 1 year after COVID-19 diagnosis: A prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Rass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2022.07.013","article-title":"Screening for brain fog: Is the Montreal cognitive assessment an effective screening tool for neurocognitive complaints post-COVID-19? Gen","volume":"78","author":"Lynch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesulam, M.-M. (2000). Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195134759.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.03.033","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: A comprehensive neuropsychological study","volume":"150","author":"Yus","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2508","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2508","article-title":"Neuropsychological deficits in patients with cognitive complaints after COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Calabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.06549-7","article-title":"Beneficial effects of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation in postacute COVID-19: An observational cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Puchner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001","article-title":"Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers","volume":"30","author":"Raz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23508-y","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling and oxygenation are decreased in hippocampus compared to neocortex because of microvascular differences","volume":"12","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e3182527690","article-title":"The impact of inflammation on cognitive function in older adults: Implications for healthcare practice and research","volume":"44","author":"Sartori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab009","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19","volume":"144","author":"Hosp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10655-x","article-title":"Long COVID: Cognitive complaints (brain fog) and dysfunction of the cingulate cortex","volume":"269","author":"Hugon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2513","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2513","article-title":"Cognitive decline and brainstem hypometabolism in long COVID: A case series","volume":"12","author":"Hugon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019","article-title":"Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: Pattern, severity and association with illness variables","volume":"46","author":"Miskowiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17296","article-title":"Age and subtle cognitive impairment are associated with long-term olfactory dysfunction after COVID-19 infection","volume":"69","author":"Cristillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-021-00964-7","article-title":"Long-COVID Headache","volume":"3","author":"Martelletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Compr. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.5.530","article-title":"Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis","volume":"63","author":"Ownby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismael, F., Bizario, J.C.S., Battagin, T., Zaramella, B., Leal, F.E., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., Marziali, M.E., Martins, S.S., and Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. (2021). Post-infection depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms: A prospective cohort study in patients with mild COVID-19. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 111.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110341"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet, 398, 1700\u20131712."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3924","article-title":"Illiterate to literate: Behavioural and cerebral changes induced by reading acquisition","volume":"16","author":"Dehaene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramova, O., Zorkina, Y., Ushakova, V., Gryadunov, D., Ikonnikova, A., Fedoseeva, E., Emelyanova, M., Ochneva, A., Morozova, I., and Pavlov, K. (2023). Alteration of Blood Immune Biomarkers in MCI Patients with Different APOE Genotypes after Cognitive Training: A 1 Year Follow-Up Cohort Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713395"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1610","article-title":"The Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): A brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening","volume":"21","author":"Mioshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry J. Psychiatry Late Life Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-mental state\u2019: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.140.6.566","article-title":"A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia","volume":"140","author":"Hughes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/37.3.323","article-title":"Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community","volume":"37","author":"Pfeffer","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","article-title":"Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Yesavage","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Beck, A.T., and Steer, R.A. (2020, September 02). Beck Depression Inventory Manual. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio. References-Scientific Research Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/(S(vtj3fa45qm1ean45vvffcz55))\/reference\/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1927212>."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-82712007000100006","article-title":"The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire\u2019s (PRMQ) translation, adaptation and preliminary validation","volume":"12","author":"Benites","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psico-USF"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Tavares-J\u00fanior, J.W.L. (2020). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da Acur\u00e1cia da Escala de Addenbrooke como Instrumento de Rastreio Cognitivo de Pacientes Idosos com Baixa Escolaridade. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Cear\u00e1]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217000734","article-title":"Addenbrooke\u2019s cognitive examination-revised: Normative and accuracy data for seniors with heterogeneous educational level in Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Yassuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200204000-00007","article-title":"Epidemiologic survey of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population","volume":"16","author":"Herrera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2003000500014","article-title":"Sugest\u00f5es para o uso do mini-exame do estado mental no Brasil","volume":"61","author":"Brucki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Dutra, M.C. (2014). Valida\u00e7\u00e3o do Question\u00e1rio de Pfeffer para Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Idosa Brasileira. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Bras\u00edlia]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1999000300013","article-title":"Confiabilidade da vers\u00e3o brasileira da Escala de Depress\u00e3o em Geriatria (GDS) vers\u00e3o reduzida","volume":"57","author":"Almeida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, W., Ehrenhaft, A., Griesser, K., Pfeufer, A., M\u00fcller, J., Sch\u00f6mig, A., and Kastrati, A. (2002). TaqMan systems for genotyping of disease-related polymorphisms present in the gene encoding apolipoprotein E. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM), 40.","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.2002.197"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/12\/1611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:26:08Z","timestamp":1760131568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/12\/1611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13121611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13121611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]}}}