{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:08:33Z","timestamp":1775891313934,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both motor imagery and resistance\u2013training enhance motor function and corticospinal excitability. We tested the hypothesis that young participants with significant resistance\u2013training experience would show heightened corticospinal excitability during a single session of motor imagery training. Fifty-six participants (mean \u00b1 SD age = 22 \u00b1 2 years) were divided into resistance\u2013trained and untrained groups. Forty-one upper-body resistance trained (21 males, 20 females; mean \u00b1 SD relative one repetition maximum bench press = 0.922 \u00b1 0.317 kg\/kg) and 15 untrained (4 males, 11 females; mean \u00b1 SD relative one repetition maximum bench press = 0.566 \u00b1 0.175 kg\/kg) participants visited the laboratory on three separate occasions. The first visit served as the familiarization session. During visits 2 and 3, participants engaged in a hand\/wrist motor imagery protocol or rested quietly (control condition) in a randomized order. Before and after the interventions, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the motor cortex was used to measure resting motor\u2013evoked potential amplitude of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Our main finding was that motor imagery acutely increased corticospinal excitability by ~64% (marginal means pre = 784.1 \u00b5V, post = 1246.6 \u00b5V; p &lt; 0.001, d = 0.487). However, there was no evidence that the increase in corticospinal excitability was influenced by resistance\u2013training experience. We suspect that our results may have been influenced by the specific nature of the motor imagery task. Our findings have important implications for motor imagery prescription and suggest that motor imagery training may be equally beneficial for both resistance\u2013trained and untrained populations. This study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03889548).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"1635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Influence of Resistance Training Experience on the Efficacy of Motor Imagery for Acutely Increasing Corticospinal Excitability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Parsowith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition, Neuroplasticity, Sarcopenia (CNS) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt S.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition, Neuroplasticity, Sarcopenia (CNS) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Girts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Health Sciences, Pfeiffer University, Misenheimer, NC 28109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Beausejour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition, Neuroplasticity, Sarcopenia (CNS) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Alberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Anne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kylie K.","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Neural Factors versus Hypertrophy in the Time Course of Muscle Strength Gain","volume":"58","author":"Moritani","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. 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