{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:44:24Z","timestamp":1793119464025,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01NS119472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS119472"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R35NS116843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35NS116843"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R35NS097370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35NS097370"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01NS127895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS127895"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01NS117757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS117757"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural transplantation represents a promising approach to repairing damaged brain circuitry. Cellular grafts have been shown to promote functional recovery through \u201cbystander effects\u201d and other indirect mechanisms. However, extensive brain lesions may require direct neuronal replacement to achieve meaningful restoration of function. While fetal cortical grafts have been shown to integrate with the host brain and appear to develop appropriate functional attributes, the significant ethical concerns and limited availability of this tissue severely hamper clinical translation. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells and tissues represent a more readily scalable alternative. Significant progress has recently been made in developing protocols for generating a wide range of neural cell types in vitro. Here, we discuss recent progress in neural transplantation approaches for two conditions with distinct design needs: Parkinson\u2019s disease and cortical injury. We discuss the current status and future application of injections of dopaminergic cells for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease as well as the use of structured grafts such as brain organoids for cortical repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T09:00:18Z","timestamp":1701248418000},"page":"1654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cell Replacement Therapy for Brain Repair: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges for Treating Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Cortical Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4683-2115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Harary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Jgamadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeha","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-li","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5355-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Kacy","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Isaac","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Corporal Michael J. 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