{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:19:06Z","timestamp":1792001946104,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current consensus diagnostic criteria for vestibular migraine (VM) describes this as an episodic disorder. However, a minority of patients report prolonged (&gt;72 h duration) or even persistent VM symptoms, prompting whether a chronic variant of vestibular migraine (CVM) should be introduced to the current classification and how best to define it. Here we summarize current evidence of such a potential chronic variant of VM and critically review proposed definitions for CVM. Potential approaches to establish a diagnostic framework for CVM include (a) following the distinction between episodic and chronic migraine headaches, namely, frequent and\/or prolonged episodes of VM (but not persistent vertigo or dizziness) in the context of chronic migraine headaches or (b) daily dizzy spells over more than 6 months that responded well to prophylactic anti-migraine therapy. A key challenge when defining diagnostic criteria for CVM is how to distinguish it from other chronic vestibular syndromes such as motion sickness, persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD), and mal de d\u00e9barquement syndrome. Indeed, more than 50% of patients with PPPD and up to 46% with mal de d\u00e9barquement syndrome fulfil diagnostic criteria for episodic migraine headaches, suggesting these disorders may all lie along a spectrum. We propose that when VM becomes persistent, it is best classified as PPPD but that VM and PPPD are not mutually exclusive, such that patients with PPPD need not have features of VM, and the triggering event for persistent dizziness may be independent of migraine. However, further research is needed to better characterize the spectrum of clinical phenotypes in patients with chronic dizziness, migraine headaches and anxiety, to define whether a chronic variant of VM sufficiently differs from current persistent dizziness definitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T10:45:33Z","timestamp":1701945933000},"page":"1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["What\u2019s in a Name? Chronic Vestibular Migraine or Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Tarnutzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, 5404 Baden, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0591-646X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Kaski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SENSE Research Unit, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21","article-title":"Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy","volume":"68","author":"Lipton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.01970.x","article-title":"The point prevalence of dizziness or vertigo in migraine\u2014And factors that influence presentation","volume":"51","author":"Calhoun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00939.x","article-title":"Prevalence of vertigo, dizziness, and migrainous vertigo in patients with migraine","volume":"47","author":"Vukovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102409353617","article-title":"Headache-associated dizziness in a headache population: Prevalence and impact","volume":"30","author":"Bisdorff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.4.436","article-title":"The interrelations of migraine, vertigo, and migrainous vertigo","volume":"56","author":"Neuhauser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000237539.09942.06","article-title":"Migrainous vertigo: Prevalence and impact on quality of life","volume":"67","author":"Neuhauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2012-0453","article-title":"Vestibular migraine: Diagnostic criteria","volume":"22","author":"Lempert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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Rep."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/12\/1692\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:34:58Z","timestamp":1760132098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/13\/12\/1692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci13121692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13121692","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]}}}