{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:13:22Z","timestamp":1790471602434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Chile","award":["11200469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11200469"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Chile","award":["FB0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB0008"]}]},{"name":"Fondo Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Chile","award":["EQM150076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM150076"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Gobierno de Chile, Chile","award":["11200469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11200469"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Gobierno de Chile, Chile","award":["FB0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB0008"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo, Gobierno de Chile, Chile","award":["EQM150076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM150076"]}]},{"name":"ANID BASAL","award":["11200469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11200469"]}]},{"name":"ANID BASAL","award":["FB0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB0008"]}]},{"name":"ANID BASAL","award":["EQM150076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM150076"]}]},{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["11200469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11200469"]}]},{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["FB0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FB0008"]}]},{"name":"FONDEQUIP","award":["EQM150076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM150076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a common chronic dizziness disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. It is hypothesized that PPPD may involve disrupted spatial cognition processes as a core feature. (2) Methods: A cohort of 19 PPPD patients underwent psycho-cognitive testing, including assessments for anxiety, depression, memory, attention, planning, and executive functions, with an emphasis on spatial navigation via a virtual Morris water maze. These patients were compared with 12 healthy controls and 20 individuals with other vestibular disorders but without PPPD. Vestibular function was evaluated using video head impulse testing and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, while brain magnetic resonance imaging was used to exclude confounding pathology. (3) Results: PPPD patients demonstrated unique impairments in allocentric spatial navigation (as evidenced by the virtual Morris water maze) and in other high-demand visuospatial cognitive tasks that involve executive functions and planning, such as the Towers of London and Trail Making B tests. A factor analysis highlighted spatial navigation and advanced visuospatial functions as being central to PPPD, with a strong correlation to symptom severity. (4) Conclusions: PPPD may broadly impair higher cognitive functions, especially in spatial cognition. We discuss a disruption in the creation of enriched cognitive spatial maps as a possible pathophysiology for PPPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:42:30Z","timestamp":1703450550000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Functional Dizziness as a Spatial Cognitive Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3278-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayo A.","family":"Breinbauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Ar\u00e9valo-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Villarroel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Lavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulaci\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Fa\u00fandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7291-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Stecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Facultad de Medicina Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Santiago 8420524, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4261-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Billeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulaci\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610615, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2588-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul H.","family":"Delano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Neuro-Otology and Balance-Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Centro Avanzado de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, AC3E, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Servicio de Otorrinolaringolog\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.5172-20","article-title":"The Clinical 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