{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:56Z","timestamp":1787027756130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The predictive coding theory is currently widely accepted as the theoretical basis of perception and chronic perceptual disorders are explained as the maladaptive compensation of the brain to a prediction error. Although this gives us a general framework to work with, it is still not clear who may be more susceptible and\/or vulnerable to aberrations in this system. In this paper, we study changes in predictive coding through the lens of tinnitus and pain. We take a step back to understand how the predictive coding system develops from infancy, what are the different neural and bio markers that characterise this system in the acute, transition and chronic phases and what may be the factors that pose a risk to the aberration of this system. Through this paper, we aim to identify people who may be at a higher risk of developing chronic perceptual disorders as a reflection of aberrant predictive coding, thereby giving future studies more facets to incorporate in their investigation of early markers of tinnitus, pain and other disorders of predictive coding. We therefore view this paper to encourage the thinking behind the development of preclinical biomarkers to maladaptive predictive coding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T11:37:18Z","timestamp":1705405038000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development, Insults and Predisposing Factors of the Brain\u2019s Predictive Coding System to Chronic Perceptual Disorders\u2014A Life-Course Examination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1904-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusha","family":"Yasoda-Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R123 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R123 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Lab for Clinical & Integrative Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R123 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-5752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R123 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R123 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Lab for Clinical & Integrative Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R123 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.10.007","article-title":"The Bayesian brain: The role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation","volume":"27","author":"Knill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.022","article-title":"Active inference and learning","volume":"68","author":"Friston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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