{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:13:48Z","timestamp":1787670828365,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are characterized by potentially harmful actions resulting from disturbances in the self-control of emotions and behavior. ICDs include disorders such as gambling, hypersexuality, binge eating, and compulsive buying. ICDs are known non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and are associated primarily with the use of dopaminergic treatment (DRT) and especially dopamine agonists (DA). However, in atypical parkinsonism (APS), such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or multiple system atrophy (MSA), there are only single case reports of ICDs without attempts to determine the risk factors for their occurrence. Moreover, numerous reports in the literature indicate increased impulsivity in PSP. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of individual ICDs in APS compared to PD and identify potential factors for developing ICDs in APS. Materials and Methods: Our prospective study included 185 patients with PD and 35 with APS (27 patients with PSP and 9 with MSA) hospitalized between 2020 and 2023 at the Neurological Department of University Central Hospital in Katowice. Each patient was examined using the Questionnaire for Impulsive\u2013Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (QUIP) to assess ICDs. Additionally, other scales were used to assess the advancement of the disease, the severity of depression, and cognitive impairment. Information on age, gender, age of onset, disease duration, and treatment used were collected from medical records and patient interviews. Results: ICDs were detected in 23.39% of patients with PD (including binge eating in 11.54%, compulsive buying in 10.44%, hypersexuality in 8.79%, and pathological gambling in 4.40%), in one patient with MSA (hypersexuality and pathological gambling), and in 18.52% of patients with PSP (binge eating in 3.70%, compulsive buying in 7.41%, and hypersexuality in 11.11%). We found no differences in the frequency of ICDs between individual diseases (p = 0.4696). We confirmed that the use of higher doses of DA and L-dopa in patients with PD, as well as a longer disease duration and the presence of motor complications, were associated with a higher incidence of ICDs. However, we did not find any treatment effect on the incidence of ICDs in APS. Conclusions: ICDs are common and occur with a similar frequency in PD and APS. Well-described risk factors for ICDs in PD, such as the use of DRT or longer disease duration, are not fully reflected in the risk factors for ICDs in APS. This applies especially to PSP, which, unlike PD and MSA, is a tauopathy in which, in addition to the use of DRT, other mechanisms related to the disease, such as disorders in neuronal loops and neurotransmitter deficits, may influence the development of ICDs. Further prospective multicenter studies recruiting larger groups of patients are needed to fully determine the risk factors and mechanisms of ICD development in APS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1708063225000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes\u2014Is There a Difference?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3693-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"To\u015b","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gra\u017cy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Diagnostics and Interventional Radiology, Kornel Gibi\u0144ski Independent Public Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofija","family":"Antoniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Barbara Regional Specialist Hospital No. 5, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Siuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852916000183","article-title":"Expanding the Definition of Addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11","volume":"21","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635494","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.635494","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2017.04.006","article-title":"Impulse Control and Related Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"133","author":"Weintraub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.030","article-title":"The Rise and Fall of Impulse Control Behavior Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Cossu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322453","article-title":"Spectrum of Impulse Control Behaviours in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Pathophysiology and Management","volume":"91","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26016","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum of Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Weintraub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2013.74.3.160","article-title":"Managing Impulse Control Behaviours in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Practical Guidelines","volume":"74","author":"Macphee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315277","article-title":"ICARUS Study: Prevalence and Clinical Features of Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"88","author":"Antonini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00330","article-title":"Impulse-Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Case-Control Studies","volume":"9","author":"Molde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13412","article-title":"Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes: A General Neurologist\u2019s Perspective","volume":"25","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"61","article-title":"The Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Atypical Parkinsonism","volume":"113","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potashkin, J.A., Santiago, J.A., Ravina, B.M., Watts, A., and Leontovich, A.A. (2012). Biosignatures for Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders Patients. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043595"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx093","article-title":"The Neuropsychology (Broadly Conceived) of Multiple System Atrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and Corticobasal Degeneration","volume":"32","author":"Gerstenecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. Off. J. Natl. Acad. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13339","article-title":"Co-Occurrence of Apathy and Impulsivity in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"8","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.12.010","article-title":"Multiple Compulsive Behaviors in Multiple System Atrophy: The Importance of Predisposition to Addiction","volume":"20","author":"Cilia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.08.045","article-title":"Behavioral Abnormalities in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"210","author":"Gerstenecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To\u015b, M., Gra\u017cy\u0144ska, A., Antoniuk, S., and Siuda, J. (2023). Impulse Control Disorders in the Polish Population of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081468"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29005","article-title":"The Movement Disorder Society Criteria for the Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"37","author":"Wenning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26987","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: The Movement Disorder Society Criteria","volume":"32","author":"Respondek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22571","article-title":"Validation of the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Weintraub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27689","article-title":"Scales to Assess Impulsive and Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Critique and Recommendations","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"7832487","article-title":"Impulsive-Compulsive Behaviours in Belgian-Flemish Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: A Questionnaire-Based Study","volume":"2019","author":"Denoiseux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.144311","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders and Related Behaviours (ICD-RBs) in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: Assessment Using \u201cQuestionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u201d (QUIP)","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2020.0049","article-title":"Validation of the Polish Version of the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS)","volume":"54","author":"Siuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20255","article-title":"Development and Validation of the Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale (UMSARS)","volume":"19","author":"Wenning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29215","article-title":"The Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale: Status, Critique, and Recommendations","volume":"37","author":"Krismer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27964","article-title":"The Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Clinical Deficits Scale","volume":"35","author":"Piot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-Mental State\u201d: A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02384.x","article-title":"Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination Validation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Reyes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"71","article-title":"Charakterystyka Psychometryczna Polskiej Adaptacji Kwestionariusza Depresji BDI-II Aarona T. Becka","volume":"19","author":"Zawadzki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Etiol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12921","article-title":"Levodopa Equivalent Dose Conversion Factors: An Updated Proposal Including Opicapone and Safinamide","volume":"7","author":"Schade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"749","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Worldwide Prevalence and Incidence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"94","author":"Muangpaisan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001163","article-title":"Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Current Approach and Challenges to Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"36","author":"McFarland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00382-6","article-title":"Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"8","author":"Poewe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.04.014","article-title":"Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Advances in Diagnosis and Management","volume":"73","author":"Coughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws128","article-title":"Social Cognitive Deficits and Their Neural Correlates in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"135","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2016-0027","article-title":"Managing Cognition in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"6","author":"Rittman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.615","article-title":"Natural History of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski Syndrome) and Clinical Predictors of Survival: A Clinicopathological Study","volume":"60","author":"Litvan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02591-z","article-title":"Clinical, Cognitive, and Morphometric Profiles of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Phenotypes","volume":"130","author":"Campagnolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh488","article-title":"Characteristics of Two Distinct Clinical Phenotypes in Pathologically Proven Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Richardson\u2019s Syndrome and PSP-Parkinsonism","volume":"128","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306787","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorder in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease under Dopamine Agonist Therapy: A Multicentre Study","volume":"85","author":"Vela","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e31826e6e6d","article-title":"Prevalence and Pharmacological Factors Associated with Impulse-Control Disorder Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson Disease","volume":"35","author":"Rey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09692-4","article-title":"Dynamics of Impulsive\u2013Compulsive Behaviors in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Prospective Study","volume":"267","author":"Svetel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2016.09.001","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders in Patients with Young-Onset Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study Seeking Associated Factors","volume":"6","author":"Gescheidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.05.006","article-title":"Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview (MIDI): Validation of a Structured Diagnostic Clinical Interview for Impulse Control Disorders in an Enriched Community Sample","volume":"265","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22902","article-title":"Impulsive-Compulsive Spectrum Behaviors in Pathologically Confirmed Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"25","author":"Djamshidian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.4.496","article-title":"Pathological Hypersexuality Induced by Dopamine Replacement Therapy in a Patient with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20779","article-title":"Comparison of Motor, Cognitive, and Behavioral Features in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Cordato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1184","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"47","author":"Litvan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.020","article-title":"Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Top-down Cognitive Control","volume":"69","author":"Dalley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: A Frontal Assessment Battery at Bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642009DN20200005","article-title":"The Cambridge Behavioural Inventory Revised","volume":"2","author":"Wear","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.04.004","article-title":"Unusual Compulsive Behaviors Primarily Related to Dopamine Agonist Therapy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"13","author":"McKeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.06.005","article-title":"Pathological Hypersexuality Predominantly Linked to Adjuvant Dopamine Agonist Therapy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"11","author":"Klos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181c4ae2e","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorder and Piribedil: Report of 5 Cases","volume":"33","author":"Tschopp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00825-2","article-title":"Female Sexual Dysfunction in Multiple System Atrophy: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"Raccagni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res. Off. J. Clin. Auton. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20461","article-title":"Urinary and Erectile Dysfunction in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)","volume":"27","author":"Papatsoris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134313","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Related Factors of Impulse Control Disorders in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"707","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2009.12.002","article-title":"Association between the Dose of Dopaminergic Medication and the Behavioral Disturbances in Parkinson Disease","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.65","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study of 3090 Patients","volume":"67","author":"Weintraub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257618","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1257618","article-title":"Evaluation of Risk Factors for Impulse Control Disorder in Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Northern China","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.09.006","article-title":"Impulsive and Compulsive Behaviors among Danish Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Prevalence, Depression, and Personality","volume":"20","author":"Callesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13738","article-title":"Course of Impulse Control Disorder Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Deep Brain Stimulation Versus Medications","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.003","article-title":"Compulsive Sexual Behavior: A Review of the Literature","volume":"4","author":"Derbyshire","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184468","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4468","article-title":"Prevalence of Distress Associated with Difficulty Controlling Sexual Urges, Feelings, and Behaviors in the United States","volume":"1","author":"Dickenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316576","article-title":"Sleep and REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder in Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Impulse Control Disorder","volume":"89","author":"Fantini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0875-x","article-title":"Sleep in Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Impulse Control Disorder","volume":"18","author":"Figorilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106088","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Non-Motor Symptoms in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonisms","volume":"197","author":"Antoniuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.02.001","article-title":"Sleep and Quantitative EEG in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"56","author":"Petit","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250609","article-title":"Sleep Abnormalities in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"25","author":"Aldrich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"229","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Syndrome (PSPS) and Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS)","volume":"57","author":"Alster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and low CSF orexin-A\/hypocretin-I levels in a patient with probable progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"55","author":"Hattori","year":"2003","journal-title":"No Shinkei"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000430","article-title":"REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Effects on Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Functional Outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Mahmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.06.018","article-title":"Sleep and Impulsivity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Scullin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr003","article-title":"Cue-Induced Striatal Dopamine Release in Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Associated Impulsive-Compulsive Behaviours","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm056","article-title":"Pathophysiology of REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder and Relevance to Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"130","author":"Boeve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.05.010","article-title":"The Roles of the Reward System in Sleep and Dreaming","volume":"36","author":"Perogamvros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M., Prasad, S., Bhardwaj, S., Kamble, N., Rakesh, K., Holla, V., Yadav, R., Mahale, R., Saini, J., and Pal, P. (2024). Morphometric Alterations of the Mesocorticolimbic Network in Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Impulse Control Disorders. J. Neural Transm., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-023-02735-1"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.075","article-title":"Depression Is Associated with Impulse-Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Impulse-Compulsive Behaviors and Depression in PD","volume":"280","author":"Mir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00351","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. A Brief and Comprehensive Review","volume":"10","author":"Gatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28470","article-title":"A Modified Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale","volume":"36","author":"Respondek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26294","article-title":"Distinct Patterns of Brain Activity in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"30","author":"Burciu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.07.013","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of Subcortical Structures in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: In Vivo Evidence of Neostriatal and Mesencephalic Atrophy","volume":"194","author":"Looi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16144","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16144","article-title":"Dopamine Agonist Serum Concentrations and Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"31","author":"Staubo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27885","article-title":"Functional Inhibitory Control Dynamics in Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Boddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e318278be9b","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders and Compulsive Behaviors Associated with Dopaminergic Therapies in Parkinson Disease","volume":"2","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad162","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorder in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Associated with Abnormal Frontal Value Signalling","volume":"146","author":"Tichelaar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz007","article-title":"Dopamine Metabolism of the Nucleus Accumbens and Fronto-Striatal Connectivity Modulate Impulse Control","volume":"142","author":"Hammes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-023-00596-9","article-title":"Impulsive-Compulsive Behaviour in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease Is Determined by Apathy and Dopamine Receptor D3 Polymorphism","volume":"9","author":"Theis","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827b915c","article-title":"Screening for Impulse Control Symptoms in Patients with de Novo Parkinson Disease: A Casecontrol Study","volume":"80","author":"Weintraub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22029","article-title":"Pathological Gambling in Parkinson Disease Is Reduced by Amantadine","volume":"68","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000209","article-title":"Developments in Impulse Control Behaviours of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Zurowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131476","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2015.1131476","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Their Impact on Quality of Life in Multiple System Atrophy","volume":"3","author":"Ceponiene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.9.1047","article-title":"Multiple System Atrophy: Natural History, MRI Morphology, and Dopamine Receptor Imaging with 123IBZM-SPECT","volume":"57","author":"Schulz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0730-6","article-title":"Understanding the Pathogenesis of Multiple System Atrophy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Compagnoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24044","article-title":"Reproducible Network and Regional Topographies of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism Associated with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Multivariate and Univariate Analyses in American and Chinese Patient Cohorts","volume":"39","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21933","article-title":"Abnormal Metabolic Networks in Atypical Parkinsonism","volume":"23","author":"Eckert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.04.011","article-title":"The Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Complex Value-Based Learning and Decision Making","volume":"45","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0919-12.2013","article-title":"Impulsivity and Self-Control during Intertemporal Decision Making Linked to the Neural Dynamics of Reward Value Representation","volume":"33","author":"Jimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7028","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0289-22.2023","article-title":"Locus Coeruleus Integrity Is Linked to Response Inhibition Deficits in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"43","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0285-x","article-title":"Aberrant Sexual Behaviours in Parkinson\u2019s Disease during Dopaminergic Treatment","volume":"254","author":"Cannas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e31820d6699","article-title":"The Emergence of Devastating Impulse Control Disorders during Dopamine Agonist Therapy of the Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Dang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/2\/181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:00:46Z","timestamp":1760104846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/2\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14020181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14020181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]}}}