{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:48:02Z","timestamp":1788493682954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eating disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that involve pathological relationships between patients and food. The most prolific of these disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. The current standard of care involves psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and the management of comorbid conditions, with nutritional rehabilitation reserved for severe cases of anorexia nervosa. Unfortunately, many patients often fail to respond, leaving a concerning treatment gap between the current and requisite treatments for eating disorders. To better understand the neurobiology underlying these eating disorders, investigations have been undertaken to characterize the activity of various neural networks, primarily those activated during tasks of executive inhibition, reward processing, and self-reference. Various neuromodulatory techniques have been proposed to stimulate these networks with the goal of improving patients\u2019 BMI and mental health. The aim of this review is to compile a comprehensive summarization of the current literature regarding the underlying neural connectivity of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder as well as the numerous neuromodulatory modalities that have been investigated. Importantly, we aimed to summarize the most significant clinical trials to date as well as to provide an updated assessment of the role of deep brain stimulation, summarizing numerous recently published clinical studies that have greatly contributed to the literature. In this review, we found therapeutic evidence for transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in treating individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. We also found significant evidence for the role of deep brain stimulation, particularly as an escalatory therapy option for the those who failed standard therapy. Finally, we hope to provide promising directions for future clinical investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T08:34:35Z","timestamp":1708590875000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Neuromodulation of Eating Disorders: A Review of Underlying Neural Network Activity and Neuromodulatory Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4234-8991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu Tung","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Cavaleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Bergosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9329-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert G.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay B.","family":"Jann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5821-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xenos L.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6423-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles Y.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"},{"name":"USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrin J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 900033, USA"},{"name":"USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00356-9","article-title":"Anorexia Nervosa: Aetiology, Assessment, and Treatment","volume":"2","author":"Zipfel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000739","article-title":"Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"34","author":"Hoek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.02.009","article-title":"Eating Disorders: Clinical Features and Pathophysiology","volume":"81","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2017.02.004","article-title":"Bulimia Nervosa\/Purging Disorder","volume":"47","author":"Castillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.10.011","article-title":"Binge-Eating Disorder","volume":"42","author":"Hilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-020-00346-w","article-title":"A Review of Binge Eating Disorder and Obesity","volume":"35","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatrie"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00344-y","article-title":"Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"8","author":"Giel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852915000759","article-title":"Overview of the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"20","author":"McElroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.11.001","article-title":"Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Allan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2020.10.012","article-title":"State of the Art: The Therapeutic Approaches to Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"43","author":"Hagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09040582","article-title":"The Outcome of Bulimia Nervosa: Findings From One-Quarter Century of Research","volume":"166","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02102-w","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Refractory Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Karaszewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20904","article-title":"Anorexia Nervosa and the Long-term Risk of Mortality in Women","volume":"20","author":"Auger","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1238","article-title":"Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity Associated With Symptom Provocation in Eating Disorders","volume":"161","author":"Uher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.012470999","article-title":"Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Role in Reward-Based Decision Making","volume":"99","author":"Bush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.11.004","article-title":"Resting-State Synchrony between Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Precuneus Relates to Body Shape Concern in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"221","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.08.009","article-title":"Greater Anterior Cingulate Activation and Connectivity in Response to Visual and Auditory High-Calorie Food Cues in Binge Eating: Preliminary Findings","volume":"96","author":"Geliebter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.03.005","article-title":"Subcallosal Cingulate Connectivity in Anorexia Nervosa Patients Differs From Healthy Controls: A Multi-Tensor Tractography Study","volume":"8","author":"Hayes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.130046","article-title":"Reduced Salience and Default Mode Network Activity in Women with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"39","author":"McFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doose, A., King, J.A., Bernardoni, F., Geisler, D., Hellerhoff, I., Weinert, T., Roessner, V., Smolka, M.N., and Ehrlich, S. (2020). Strengthened Default Mode Network Activation During Delay Discounting in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa After Partial Weight Restoration: A Longitudinal fMRI Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040900"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010094","article-title":"An fMRI Study of Self-Regulatory Control and Conflict Resolution in Adolescents with Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"168","author":"Marsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seitz, J., Hueck, M., Dahmen, B., Schulte-R\u00fcther, M., Legenbauer, T., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., and Konrad, K. (2016). Attention Network Dysfunction in Bulimia Nervosa\u2014An fMRI Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161329"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01207","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1207","article-title":"Altered Functional Connectivity in Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa: A Resting-state fMRI Study","volume":"9","author":"Stopyra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01108-0","article-title":"Reinforcement-Learning in Fronto-Striatal Circuits","volume":"47","author":"Averbeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lao-Kaim, N.P., Fonville, L., Giampietro, V.P., Williams, S.C.R., Simmons, A., and Tchanturia, K. (2015). Aberrant Function of Learning and Cognitive Control Networks Underlie Inefficient Cognitive Flexibility in Anorexia Nervosa: A Cross-Sectional fMRI Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124027"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4136","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms Supporting Maladaptive Food Choices in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"18","author":"Foerde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa369","article-title":"Resting State Hypoconnectivity of Reward Networks in Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"31","author":"Haynos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.05.028","article-title":"Increased Neural Processing of Rewarding and Aversive Food Stimuli in Recovered Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"70","author":"Cowdrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e932","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.199","article-title":"Altered Structural and Effective Connectivity in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa in Circuits That Regulate Energy and Reward Homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Frank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23955","article-title":"Abnormal Fronto-striatal Activation as a Marker of Threshold and Subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"39","author":"Cyr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.04.054","article-title":"Impaired Prefrontal Cognitive Control over Interference by Food Images in Binge-Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"651","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102679","article-title":"Diminished Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Patients with Binge Eating Disorder Associates with Trait Impulsivity and Improves after Impulsivity-Focused Treatment Based on a Randomized Controlled IMPULS Trial","volume":"30","author":"Veit","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f6sch, S.A., Schmidt, R., L\u00fchrs, M., Ehlis, A.-C., Hesse, S., and Hilbert, A. (2021). Evidence of fNIRS-Based Prefrontal Cortex Hypoactivity in Obesity and Binge-Eating Disorder. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11010019"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.32","article-title":"Neural Correlates of Food Addiction","volume":"68","author":"Gearhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071013-014030","article-title":"The Brain\u2019s Default Mode Network","volume":"38","author":"Raichle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n1211","article-title":"Right Versus Left Prefrontal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preliminary Investigation","volume":"62","author":"Sachdev","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.02.004","article-title":"Voxel-Based Morphometry in Eating Disorders: Correlation of Psychopathology with Grey Matter Volume","volume":"182","author":"Joos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S180231","article-title":"Neuromodulation in Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Promising Way of Treatment?","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2256","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Effects of Neuromodulation on Eating and Body Weight: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies","volume":"21","author":"McClelland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00411-x","article-title":"A Pilot Trial of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex in Anorexia Nervosa: Resting fMRI Correlates of Response","volume":"9","author":"Woodside","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.023","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Reduces Cue-Induced Food Craving in Bulimic Disorders","volume":"67","author":"Claudino","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732066","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.732066","article-title":"Case Report: Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Comorbid Binge Eating Disorder in Two Female Patients With Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression","volume":"12","author":"Sciortino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02802-1","article-title":"Reduction of Impulsivity in Patients Receiving Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Obesity","volume":"74","author":"Luzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00133","article-title":"New Treatment Perspectives in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: The Efficacy of Non-Invasive Brain-Directed Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Costanzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kekic, M., McClelland, J., Bartholdy, S., Boysen, E., Musiat, P., Dalton, B., Tiza, M., David, A.S., Campbell, I.C., and Schmidt, U. (2017). Single-Session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Temporarily Improves Symptoms, Mood, and Self-Regulatory Control in Bulimia Nervosa: A Randomised Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167606"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21313","article-title":"Neuromodulation Targeted to the Prefrontal Cortex Induces Changes in Energy Intake and Weight Loss in Obesity","volume":"23","author":"Gluck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32401","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces Food-Craving and Measures of Hyperphagia Behavior in Participants with Prader-Willi Syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Bravo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01321-8","article-title":"Neuromodulation and Eating Disorders","volume":"24","author":"Gallop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00030","article-title":"Targeting Neural Endophenotypes of Eating Disorders with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Dunlop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2018.10.008","article-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience of Eating Disorders","volume":"42","author":"Steinglass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-008-2537-8","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for comorbid depression in anorexia","volume":"79","author":"Kamolz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2011.06.002","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study","volume":"28","author":"Guillaume","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2266","article-title":"Improvements in symptoms following neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rtms) in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: Findings from two case studies","volume":"21","author":"McClelland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.06.008","article-title":"Increases in Frontostriatal Connectivity Are Associated with Response to Dorsomedial Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Refractory Binge\/Purge Behaviors","volume":"8","author":"Dunlop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClelland, J., Kekic, M., Bozhilova, N., Nestler, S., Dew, T., Van den Eynde, F., David, A.S., Rubia, K., Campbell, I.C., and Schmidt, U. (2016). A Randomised Controlled Trial of Neuronavigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Anorexia Nervosa. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148606"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.05.010","article-title":"Improvement of Weight and Attitude towards Eating Behaviour with High Frequency rTMS Augmentation in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"28","author":"Choudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5279","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.908250","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Treatment of Depression and Anxiety in a Patient with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"24","author":"Albrecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021531","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021531","article-title":"Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial of Real versus Sham Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment in Adults with Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: The TIARA Study","volume":"8","author":"Dalton","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2766","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment in Severe, Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: An Open Longer-Term Follow-Up","volume":"28","author":"Dalton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145704004420","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Double-Blind Treatment of a Depressed Patient Suffering from Bulimia Nervosa: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Hausmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000110061","article-title":"Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Bulimia Nervosa: Preliminary Results of a Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial in Female Outpatients","volume":"77","author":"Walpoth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.08.015","article-title":"Handedness, Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Bulimic Disorders","volume":"27","author":"Broadbent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00030","article-title":"Unanticipated Rapid Remission of Refractory Bulimia Nervosa, during High-Dose Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex: A Case Report","volume":"3","author":"Downar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2475","article-title":"A Lack of Clinical Effect of High-Frequency rTMS to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex on Bulimic Symptoms: A Randomised, Double-Blind Trial","volume":"24","author":"Gay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00275","article-title":"A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial on the Efficacy of Cortical Direct Current Stimulation for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Khedr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23146","article-title":"High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study","volume":"52","author":"Phillipou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00040","article-title":"The Onset of Diabetes during Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa\u2014A Case Report","volume":"11","author":"Mares","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00852-6","article-title":"The Efficacy of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: Study Protocol of a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"11","author":"Ursumando","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22554","article-title":"Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"49","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030023","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030023","article-title":"Combining Cognitive Bias Modification Training (CBM) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to Treat Binge Eating Disorder: Study Protocol of a Randomised Controlled Feasibility Trial","volume":"9","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01164-5","article-title":"Combined Antisaccade Task and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Increase Response Inhibition in Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"271","author":"Max","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000529117","article-title":"Inhibitory Control Training Enhanced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Reduce Binge Eating Episodes: Findings from the Randomized Phase II ACCElect Trial","volume":"92","author":"Giel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949246","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.949246","article-title":"Does Concurrent Self-Administered Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Attention Bias Modification Training Improve Symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder? Protocol for the TANDEM Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Flynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","article-title":"Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Therapeutic Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): An Update (2014-2018)","volume":"131","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00303","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Therapeutic Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Chervyakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5440","article-title":"Adverse Events of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Older Adults with Depression, a Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"36","author":"Overvliet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.847","article-title":"Responses to Rapid-Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"117","author":"Wassermann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1398","article-title":"Depression of Motor Cortex Excitability by Low-Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","article-title":"Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.01.021","article-title":"The After-Effect of Human Theta Burst Stimulation Is NMDA Receptor Dependent","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samoudi, A.M., Tanghe, E., Martens, L., and Joseph, W. (2018). Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Improved Coil Design and Assessment of the Induced Fields Using MIDA Model. Biomed. Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7061420"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2020.1790270","article-title":"Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation for Anorexia Nervosa in the 21st Century: A Systematic Review of Treatment Outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000922","article-title":"Anorexia Nervosa With Comorbid Severe Depression: A Systematic Scoping Review of Brain Stimulation Treatments","volume":"39","author":"Andersson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00420-w","article-title":"A Pilot Study Exploring the Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Treatment on Cerebral Blood Flow and Its Relation to Clinical Outcomes in Severe Enduring Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"9","author":"Dalton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22942","article-title":"Improving Decision-Making and Cognitive Impulse Control in Bulimia Nervosa by rTMS: An Ancillary Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"51","author":"Guillaume","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.03.038","article-title":"Treatment of Depression with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): A Review","volume":"219","author":"Nitsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2013.11.3.118","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000449485","article-title":"Neuromodulation for Addiction by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"23","author":"Bashir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo, N., Bosanac, P., Pikoos, T., Rossell, S., and Castle, D. (2021). Therapeutic Neurostimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070948"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S195840","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients with Anxiety: Current Perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Stein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.12.018","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Clinical Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"74","author":"Kekic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability Changes Induced in the Human Motor Cortex by Weak Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.11.004","article-title":"Midbrain Dysfunction in Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"283","author":"Phillipou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2859","article-title":"Participants\u2019 Experience of Approach Bias Modification Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as a Combination Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181faaeca","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Combined Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychotherapy for Depression","volume":"27","author":"McClintock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161017233642","article-title":"The Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Bipolar Disorder: Effectiveness in 522 Patients with Bipolar Depression, Mixed-State, Mania and Catatonic Features","volume":"15","author":"Perugi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"75","article-title":"Electroconvulsive Therapy and Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00080","article-title":"Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Depression and Its Potential Mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000599","article-title":"The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review and Case Report","volume":"35","author":"Pacilio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.11.016","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in the Subgenual Cingulate Cortex for an Intractable Eating Disorder","volume":"67","author":"Steiger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.09.015","article-title":"Improvements in Anorexia Symptoms after Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"73","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62188-6","article-title":"Subcallosal Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Refractory Anorexia Nervosa: A Phase 1 Pilot Trial","volume":"381","author":"Lipsman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.004","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens for Treatment-Refractory Anorexia Nervosa: A Long-Term Follow-up Study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.06.039","article-title":"Deep-Brain Stimulation for Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1159\/000348278","article-title":"Treatment of Intractable Anorexia Nervosa with Inactivation of the Nucleus Accumbens Using Stereotactic Surgery","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ster. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01941-w","article-title":"Pilot Study of Responsive Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation for Loss-of-Control Eating","volume":"28","author":"Shivacharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Schaltenbrand, G., and Wahren, W. (1977). Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain, Georg Thieme Publishers."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E745","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31821964d2","article-title":"Successful Anterior Capsulotomy in Comorbid Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Case Report","volume":"69","author":"Barbier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30076-7","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subcallosal Cingulate for Treatment-Refractory Anorexia Nervosa: 1 Year Follow-up of an Open-Label Trial","volume":"4","author":"Lipsman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.856","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Medial Forebrain Bundle in a Patient with Major Depressive Disorder and Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"5","author":"Blomstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-019-00742-4","article-title":"Changes in Eating Behavior after Deep Brain Stimulation for Anorexia Nervosa. A Case Study","volume":"25","author":"Manuelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eat. Weight. Disord."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e239316","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239316","article-title":"Impressive Weight Gain after Deep Brain Stimulation of Nucleus Accumbens in Treatment-Resistant Bulimic Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"13","author":"Arroteia","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalba Mart\u00ednez, G., Justicia, A., Salgado, P., Gin\u00e9s, J.M., Guardiola, R., Cedr\u00f3n, C., Polo, M., Delgado-Mart\u00ednez, I., Medrano, S., and Manero, R.M. (2020). A Randomized Trial of Deep Brain Stimulation to the Subcallosal Cingulate and Nucleus Accumbens in Patients with Treatment-Refractory, Chronic, and Severe Anorexia Nervosa: Initial Results at 6 Months of Follow Up. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061946"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325711","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up of Deep Brain Stimulation for Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"92","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842184","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.842184","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens in Severe Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: A Pilot Study","volume":"16","author":"Scaife","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2895","article-title":"Cognitive and Quality-of-Life Related Factors of Body Mass Index (BMI) Improvement after Deep Brain Stimulation in the Subcallosal Cingulate and Nucleus Accumbens in Treatment-Refractory Chronic Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"30","author":"Elices","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldermann, J.C., Hahn, L., Dembek, T.A., Kohl, S., Kuhn, J., Visser-Vandewalle, V., Horn, A., and Huys, D. (2019). Weight Change after Striatal\/Capsule Deep Brain Stimulation Relates to Connectivity to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Hypothalamus. Brain Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9100264"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1006\/ebeh.2001.0213","article-title":"The Use of Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve to Treat Morbid Obesity","volume":"2","author":"Roslin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.463","article-title":"Weight Loss Associated with Vagus Nerve Stimulation","volume":"59","author":"Burneo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803666","article-title":"Weight Loss during Chronic, Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Depressed Patients with Obesity","volume":"31","author":"Pardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.01.012","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Heart Rate Variability in Bulimia Nervosa","volume":"63","author":"Peschel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"42","article-title":"Trans-Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Recovered Patients Affected by Eating and Feeding Disorders and Their Comorbidities","volume":"32","author":"Melis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.107254","article-title":"Vagal Nerve Stimulator: Evolving Trends","volume":"4","author":"Ogbonnaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1584-8","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or Borderline Personality Disorder: Relationship to Early Life Maltreatment","volume":"123","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.016","article-title":"Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity","volume":"8","author":"Aarts","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01048-9","article-title":"A Controlled Trial of Daily Left Prefrontal Cortex TMS for Treating Depression","volume":"48","author":"George","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.7.1143","article-title":"Right Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"158","author":"Alonso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.515","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in posttraumatic stress disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"161","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(01)00585-5","article-title":"Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A review","volume":"112","author":"Wassermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.02.015","article-title":"Repetitive Deep TMS for the Reduction of Body Weight: Bimodal Effect on the Functional Brain Connectivity in \u201cDiabesity\u201d","volume":"31","author":"Devoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301288","article-title":"Serial Vagus Nerve Stimulation Functional MRI in Treatment-Resistant Depression","volume":"32","author":"Nahas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10072","article-title":"Medical and Psychiatric Morbidity in Obese Women with and without Binge Eating","volume":"32","author":"Bulik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802186","article-title":"Two Forms of Disordered Eating in Obesity: Binge Eating and Night Eating","volume":"27","author":"Stunkard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.140249","article-title":"Elevated Cognitive Control over Reward Processing in Recovered Female Patients with Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"40","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040575","article-title":"Altered Reward Processing in Women Recovered From Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"164","author":"Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2012.671958","article-title":"High-Fat Taste Challenge Reveals Altered Striatal Response in Women Recovered from Bulimia Nervosa: A Pilot Study","volume":"15","author":"Radeloff","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13741","article-title":"Weight Loss Induced by Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study","volume":"21","author":"Ferrulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00044","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Anorexia Nervosa: Hope for the Hopeless or Exploitation of the Vulnerable? The Oxford Neuroethics Gold Standard Framework","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s12152-015-9240-9","article-title":"The Ethics of Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa","volume":"8","author":"Maslen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroethics"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.05.028","article-title":"Economic Analysis of Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"93","author":"Becerra","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7688-5","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation for Alzheimer Disease: A Decision and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis","volume":"262","author":"Halpern","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-009-0013-x","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Health Economics Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Simpson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23486","article-title":"Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States: Evidence to Inform Policy Action","volume":"54","author":"Streatfeild","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/3\/200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1760104986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/3\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14030200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14030200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]}}}