{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:16:42Z","timestamp":1771607802987,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Serum biomarkers, such as Neurofilament Light (NF-L), Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase (UCH-L1), and Total-tau (T-Tau) have been proposed for outcome prediction in the acute phase of severe traumatic brain injury, but they have been less investigated in patients with prolonged DoC (p-DoC). Methods: We enrolled 25 p-DoC patients according to the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R). We identified different time points: injury onset (t0), first blood sampling at admission in Neurorehabilitation (t1), and second blood sampling at discharge (t2). Patients were split into improved (improved level of consciousness from t1 to t2) and not-improved (unchanged or worsened level of consciousness from t1 to t2). Results: All biomarker levels decreased over time, even though each biomarker reveals typical features. Serum GFAP showed a weak correlation between t1 and t2 (p = 0.001), while no correlation was observed for serum NF-L (p = 0.955), UCH-L1 (p = 0.693), and T-Tau (p = 0.535) between t1 and t2. Improved patients showed a significant decrease in the level of NF-L (p = 0.0001), UCH-L1 (p = 0.001), and T-Tau (p = 0.002), but not for serum GFAP (p = 0.283). No significant statistical differences were observed in the not-improved group. Conclusions: A significant correlation was found between the level of consciousness improvement and decreased NF-L, UCH-L1, and T-Tau levels. Future studies on the association of serum biomarkers with neurophysiological and neuroimaging prognostic indicators are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T05:59:19Z","timestamp":1709186359000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Prognostic Role of Candidate Serum Biomarkers in the Post-Acute and Chronic Phases of Disorder of Consciousness: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Formisano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation 2, Post-Coma Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"D\u2019Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation 2, Post-Coma Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Giustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Social Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Catani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Mondello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iliana","family":"Piccolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuro-Psychobiology Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filomena","family":"Iannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neuro-Psychobiology Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GE 30310, USA"},{"name":"Brain Rehabilitation Research Center (BRRC), Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"},{"name":"Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald L.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Banyan Biomarkers Inc., Alachua, FL 32615, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1440.013","article-title":"Disorders of Consciousness","volume":"1124","author":"Owen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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