{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:56Z","timestamp":1787027756474,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]],"date-time":"2024-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Clinical Sciences Research and Development Merit Review Award","award":["I01 CX001803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX001803"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy individuals and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) was used as a guide to structure and report the findings for this review. A literature search included the MEDLINE database up until December 2022. We included randomized or open-label human studies of MDMA, psilocybin, mescaline, LSD, DMT, or cannabis reporting non-emotionally charged neurocognitive outcomes (\u201ccold cognition\u201d) measured through validated neuropsychological tests. Results: A total of 43 full-text papers on MDMA (15), cannabis (12), LSD (6), psilocybin (9), DMT\/ayahuasca (1), and mescaline (0) were included, mostly on healthy subjects. A single article on MDMA\u2019s effects on cognition in subjects with PTSD was included; there were no studies on psychedelics and neurocognition in MDD. Most of the studies on healthy subjects reported detrimental or neutral effects on cognition during the peak effect of psychedelics with a few exceptions (e.g., MDMA improved psychomotor function). Performance on the type of neurocognitive dimension (e.g., attention, memory, executive function, psychomotor) varies by type of psychedelic, dosage, and cognitive testing. Conclusions: Small samples and a lack of uniformed methods across studies preclude unequivocal conclusions on whether psychedelics enhance, decrease, or have no significant effect on cognitive performance. It is foreseen that psychedelics will soon become an available treatment for various psychiatric disorders. The acute and long-term effects on cognition caused by psychedelics should be assessed in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T05:31:12Z","timestamp":1709530272000},"page":"248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Renato","family":"Velit-Salazar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1695 NW 7th Ave, Suite 3100, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo R.","family":"Shiroma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloise","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Heyden, M., Jungaberle, H., and Maji\u0107, T. (2016). Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55214-4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000213","article-title":"Psychedelic Psychiatry: Preparing for Novel Treatments Involving Altered States of Consciousness","volume":"71","author":"Holoyda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2105","article-title":"The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic Drugs: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"42","author":"Goodwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2018.09.013","article-title":"An Introduction to Psychedelic Neuroscience","volume":"Volume 242","author":"Calvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22833","article-title":"Finding the Self by Losing the Self: Neural Correlates of Ego-Dissolution under Psilocybin: Finding the Self by Losing the Self","volume":"36","author":"Lebedev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2884","article-title":"The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Vollenweider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000084","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Hallucinogens: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Kersgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x","article-title":"The Pharmacology of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Passie","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.026","article-title":"Classical Hallucinogens and Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review of Human Studies","volume":"71","author":"Crippa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00547-w","article-title":"Toxicity of Ayahuasca after 28 Days Daily Exposure and Effects on Monoamines and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Brain of Wistar Rats","volume":"35","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002901","article-title":"The Paradoxical Psychological Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)","volume":"46","author":"Kaelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(196807)24:3<316::AID-JCLP2270240310>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"The Effects of Psilocybin, Dextro-Amphetamine and Placebo on Performance of the Trail Making Test","volume":"24","author":"Duke","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211064720","article-title":"The Effects of Psilocybin on Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Healthy Participants: Results from a Phase 1, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial Involving Simultaneous Psilocybin Administration and Preparation","volume":"36","author":"Rucker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05407-9","article-title":"The Alkaloids of Banisteriopsis Caapi, the Plant Source of the Amazonian Hallucinogen Ayahuasca, Stimulate Adult Neurogenesis in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Feilding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2010.10400704","article-title":"Sex, Drugs, and Cognition: Effects of Marijuana","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.02.008","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Effects of N,N-Diethyllysergamide (LSD) on Behavioural Activity and Prepulse Inhibition","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2010.10399782","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Effects of Marijuana on Simulated Driving Performance","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.12.009","article-title":"Sex Differences in the Antidepressant-like Effects of Ketamine","volume":"70","author":"Carrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231209194","article-title":"The Psychedelic Effects of Cannabis: A Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Wolinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1056-9","article-title":"Acute Neuropsychological Effects of MDMA and Ethanol (Co-)Administration in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"197","author":"Dumont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62878","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62878","article-title":"Self-Blinding Citizen Science to Explore Psychedelic Microdosing","volume":"10","author":"Szigeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.58.9.697","article-title":"A Perspective on Judgment and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality","volume":"58","author":"Kahneman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378371","article-title":"The Safety and Efficacy of \u00b13,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-Assisted Psychotherapy in Subjects with Chronic, Treatment-Resistant Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The First Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"25","author":"Mithoefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1395197","article-title":"Psychological and Cardiovascular Effects and Short-Term Sequelae of MDMA (\u201cEcstasy\u201d) in MDMA-Na\u00efve Healthy Volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Vollenweider","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00130-5","article-title":"3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Modulates Cortical and Limbic Brain Activity as Measured by [H215O]-PET in Healthy Humans","volume":"23","author":"Gamma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200008000-00010","article-title":"Human Pharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxymeth-Amphetamine (\u201cEcstasy\u201d): Psychomotor Performance and Subjective Effects","volume":"20","author":"Mas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881103174015","article-title":"Dissociable Effects of a Single Dose of Ecstasy (MDMA) on Psychomotor Skills and Attentional Performance","volume":"17","author":"Lamers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1789-7","article-title":"Repeated Doses Administration of MDMA in Humans: Pharmacological Effects and Pharmacokinetics","volume":"173","author":"Roset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105056670","article-title":"Transient Memory Impairment after Acute Dose of 75mg 3.4-Methylene-Dioxymethamphetamine","volume":"19","author":"Kuypers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105053287","article-title":"MDMA Affects Both Error-Rate Dependent and Independent Aspects of Decision-Making in a Two-Choice Prediction Task","volume":"19","author":"Vollenweider","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300894","article-title":"Acute Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Behavioral Measures of Impulsivity: Alone and in Combination with Alcohol","volume":"31","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0321-7","article-title":"Acute Dose of MDMA (75 Mg) Impairs Spatial Memory for Location but Leaves Contextual Processing of Visuospatial Information Unaffected","volume":"189","author":"Kuypers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108094650","article-title":"Investigation of Serotonin-1A Receptor Function in the Human Psychopharmacology of MDMA","volume":"23","author":"Hasler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108099214","article-title":"Acute Psychomotor Effects of MDMA and Ethanol (Co-) Administration over Time in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"24","author":"Dumont","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Wel, J.H.P., Kuypers, K.P.C., Theunissen, E.L., Bosker, W.M., Bakker, K., and Ramaekers, J.G. (2012). Effects of Acute MDMA Intoxication on Mood and Impulsivity: Role of the 5-HT2 and 5-HT1 Receptors. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040187"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx037","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Methylphenidate, Modafinil, and MDMA on Response Inhibition Neural Networks in Healthy Subjects","volume":"20","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000286986.92475.b7","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Effects of Smoked Cannabis on Capsaicin-Induced Pain and Hyperalgesia in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"107","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237397","article-title":"Acute Psychotropic Effects of Oral Cannabis Extract with a Defined Content of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"43","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.258","article-title":"Cannabinoid Modulation of Functional Connectivity within Regions Processing Attentional Salience","volume":"40","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.09.002","article-title":"Hyper-Priming in Cannabis Users: A Naturalistic Study of the Effects of Cannabis on Semantic Memory Function","volume":"176","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110376687","article-title":"Acute Psychomotor, Memory and Subjective Effects of MDMA and THC Co-Administration over Time in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Dumont","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2005.22-04","article-title":"Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions","volume":"83","author":"Lane","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Anal. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00386-9","article-title":"Acute and Residual Effects of Marijuana in Humans","volume":"60","author":"Fant","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0868-5","article-title":"Psychomotor Performance in Relation to Acute Oral Administration of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Standardized Cannabis Extract in Healthy Human Subjects","volume":"259","author":"Roser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01294.x","article-title":"The Seed and the Soil: Effect of Dosage, Personality and Starting State on the Response to Delta 9 Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man","volume":"12","author":"Ashton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2014.11.018","article-title":"Impairment of Inhibitory Control Processing Related to Acute Psychotomimetic Effects of Cannabis","volume":"25","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184841","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4841","article-title":"Acute Effects of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Healthy Adults Who Infrequently Use Cannabis: A Crossover Trial","volume":"1","author":"Spindle","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/2261171b0","article-title":"Marijuana and Immediate Memory","volume":"226","author":"Tinklenberg","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002914","article-title":"Acute LSD Effects on Response Inhibition Neural Networks","volume":"48","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.01.114","article-title":"LSD, Afterglow and Hangover: Increased Episodic Memory and Verbal Fluency, Decreased Cognitive Flexibility","volume":"58","author":"Olivieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002393","article-title":"LSD Acutely Impairs Working Memory, Executive Functions, and Cognitive Flexibility, but Not Risk-Based Decision-Making","volume":"50","author":"Pokorny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.05.019","article-title":"Acute Subjective and Behavioral Effects of Microdoses of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Human Volunteers","volume":"86","author":"Bershad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.10.002","article-title":"Mood and Cognition after Administration of Low LSD Doses in Healthy Volunteers: A Placebo Controlled Dose-Effect Finding Study","volume":"41","author":"Hutten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1958.02340100077018","article-title":"Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) on Intellectual Functions","volume":"80","author":"Silverstein","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch. NeurPsych."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3167-9","article-title":"Acute Effects of Ayahuasca on Neuropsychological Performance: Differences in Executive Function between Experienced and Occasional Users","volume":"230","author":"Bouso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0930-9","article-title":"Psilocybin Links Binocular Rivalry Switch Rate to Attention and Subjective Arousal Levels in Humans","volume":"195","author":"Carter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300005","article-title":"Effects of the 5-HT2A Agonist Psilocybin on Mismatch Negativity Generation and AX-Continuous Performance Task: Implications for the Neuropharmacology of Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Umbricht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106065859","article-title":"Effects of Psilocybin on Time Perception and Temporal Control of Behaviour in Humans","volume":"21","author":"Wittmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1162\/089892905774597191","article-title":"Using Psilocybin to Investigate the Relationship between Attention, Working Memory, and the Serotonin 1A and 2A Receptors","volume":"17","author":"Carter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4981-x","article-title":"Double-Blind Comparison of the Two Hallucinogens Psilocybin and Dextromethorphan: Effects on Cognition","volume":"235","author":"Barrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.228","article-title":"Psilocybin-Induced Deficits in Automatic and Controlled Inhibition Are Attenuated by Ketanserin in Healthy Human Volunteers","volume":"37","author":"Quednow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200408260-00023","article-title":"Psilocybin Impairs High-Level but Not Low-Level Motion Perception","volume":"15","author":"Carter","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00418-1","article-title":"Increased Activation of Indirect Semantic Associations under Psilocybin","volume":"39","author":"Spitzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.348","article-title":"Which Neuroreceptors Mediate the Subjective Effects of MDMA in Humans? A Summary of Mechanistic Studies","volume":"16","author":"Liechti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Recreational MDMA Use in Sydney: A Profile of \u201cEcstasy\u201d Users and Their Experiences with the Drug","volume":"87","author":"Solowij","year":"1992","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21322","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21322","article-title":"Hedonic Sensitivity to Low-Dose Ketamine Is Modulated by Gonadal Hormones in a Sex-Dependent Manner","volume":"6","author":"Saland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2014-1496","article-title":"Antidepressant Effects of a Single Dose of Ayahuasca in Patients with Recurrent Depression: A Preliminary Report","volume":"37","author":"Sanches","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00814","article-title":"LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation","volume":"8","author":"Kraehenmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4453-0","article-title":"Alterations of Consciousness and Mystical-Type Experiences after Acute LSD in Humans","volume":"234","author":"Liechti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2077-2","article-title":"Loss of Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptors in the Postmortem Temporal Cortex Correlates with Rate of Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"179","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02843.2002","article-title":"The Physiological Role of 5-HT2A Receptors in Working Memory","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710004","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.710004","article-title":"Critical Period Plasticity as a Framework for Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Lepow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/3\/248\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:08:36Z","timestamp":1760105316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/3\/248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14030248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14030248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]]}}}