{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:28:26Z","timestamp":1780356506670,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["NIH\/NIGMS P20GM109040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH\/NIGMS P20GM109040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stroke is a major cause of disability worldwide. Upper limb impairment is prevalent after stroke. One of the post-stroke manifestations is impaired grip force directional control contributing to diminished abilities to grip and manipulate objects necessary for activities of daily living. The objective of this study was to investigate the neural origin of the impaired grip force direction control following stroke. Due to the importance of online adjustment of motor output based on sensory feedback, it was hypothesized that grip force direction control would be associated with cortical sensorimotor integration in stroke survivors. Methods: Ten chronic stroke survivors participated in this study. Cortical sensorimotor integration was quantified by short latency afferent inhibition (SAI), which represents the responsiveness of the primary motor cortex to somatosensory input. Grip force direction control was assessed during paretic grip. Results: Grip force direction control was significantly associated with SAI. This relationship was independent of sensory impairment level. Conclusions: Cortical sensorimotor integration may play a significant role in the grip force direction control important for gripping and manipulating objects with the affected hand following stroke. This knowledge may be used to inform personalized rehabilitation treatment. For example, for patients with impaired grip force direction control, behavioral therapy focusing on feedback motor control, augmented by use of brain stimulation to reinforce cortical sensorimotor integration such as paired associative stimulation, may be applied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14030253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T03:03:20Z","timestamp":1709607800000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cortical Sensorimotor Integration as a Neural Origin of Impaired Grip Force Direction Control following Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Schranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Charleston, SC 20401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6446-5905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Na Jin","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Charleston, SC 20401, USA"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649503","article-title":"Global Burden of Stroke","volume":"38","author":"Katan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1279","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.674671","article-title":"Patient-reported measures provide unique insights into motor function after stroke","volume":"44","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.11.006","article-title":"Sensorimotor control of contact force","volume":"18","author":"Soechting","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1994.9941688","article-title":"Effects of Object Texture on Precontact Movement Time in Human Prehension","volume":"26","author":"Fikes","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"MacKenzie, C.L., and Iberall, T. (1994). The Grasping Hand, Elsevier Science. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.11.046","article-title":"The extent of altered digit force direction correlates with clinical upper extremity impairment in chronic stroke survivors","volume":"48","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.03.020","article-title":"Phalanx force magnitude and trajectory deviation increased during power grip with an increased coefficient of friction at the hand-object interface","volume":"44","author":"Enders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802238622","article-title":"A comparison of two methods of measuring static coefficient of friction at low normal forces: A pilot study","volume":"52","author":"Seo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00042-7","article-title":"Grip force control during object manipulation in cerebral stroke","volume":"114","author":"Hermsdorfer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-010-2193-7","article-title":"Altered digit force direction during pinch grip following stroke","volume":"202","author":"Seo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4241-9","article-title":"Altered phalanx force direction during power grip following stroke","volume":"233","author":"Enders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","article-title":"The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance","volume":"7","author":"Leyman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/154596802401105171","article-title":"The fugl-meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: A critical review of its measurement properties","volume":"16","author":"Gladstone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Miller, P., Huijbregts, M., Gowland, C., Barreca, S., Torresin, W., Moreland, J., Dunkley, M., Griffiths, J., Van Hulenaar, S., and Vanspall, B. (2008). CHEDOKE-McMASTER Stroke Assessment: Development, Validation, and Administration Manual, McMaster University."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.58","article-title":"Measuring physical impairment and disability with the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment","volume":"24","author":"Gowland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.08.016","article-title":"Use of visual force feedback to improve digit force direction during pinch grip in persons with stroke: A pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2016.1191416","article-title":"Effects of Sensory Deficit on Phalanx Force Deviation During Power Grip Post Stroke","volume":"49","author":"Enders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20299","article-title":"Grip force behavior during object manipulation in neurological disorders: Toward an objective evaluation of manual performance deficits","volume":"20","author":"Nowak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00240","article-title":"Effects of Hand Configuration on the Grasping, Holding, and Placement of an Instrumented Object in Patients With Hemiparesis","volume":"10","author":"Parry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238156","article-title":"Factors influencing the force control during precision grip","volume":"53","author":"Westling","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"571","article-title":"The sensory side of post-stroke motor rehabilitation","volume":"34","author":"Bolognini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00096.2015","article-title":"Learning feedback and feedforward control in a mirror-reversed visual environment","volume":"114","author":"Kasuga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.11.020","article-title":"Priming sensorimotor cortex to enhance task-specific training after subcortical stroke","volume":"125","author":"Ackerley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00503.x","article-title":"Short latency inhibition of human hand motor cortex by somatosensory input from the hand","volume":"523","author":"Tokimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-980X(96)95664-7","article-title":"Short latency facilitation between pairs of threshold magnetic stimuli applied to human motor cortex","volume":"101","author":"Tokimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.037","article-title":"Relationship between the changes in M1 excitability after motor learning and arousal state as assessed by short-latency afferent inhibition","volume":"330","author":"Koizume","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00279.2001","article-title":"Cholinergic influences on use-dependent plasticity","volume":"87","author":"Sawaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj052","article-title":"Modification of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex by neuromodulators","volume":"16","author":"Meintzschel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.583278","article-title":"Combining theta burst stimulation with training after subcortical stroke","volume":"41","author":"Ackerley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.631085","article-title":"The level of cortical afferent inhibition in acute stroke correlates with long-term functional recovery in humans","volume":"43","author":"Profice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"245","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in chronic stroke: Baseline differences and response to sensory training","volume":"36","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.02.036","article-title":"Dimensionality and construct validity of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity","volume":"88","author":"Woodbury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90130-9","article-title":"Validation of the Box and Block Test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: Reliability, validity, and norms studies","volume":"75","author":"Desrosiers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386","article-title":"Adult norms for the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity","volume":"39","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80189-2","article-title":"The repeatability of testing with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments","volume":"12","author":"Tomancik","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.3.1535892","article-title":"MP RAGE: A three-dimensional, T1-weighted, gradient-echo sequence--initial experience in the brain","volume":"182","author":"Gillan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/421719","article-title":"Stereotaxic display of brain lesions","volume":"12","author":"Rorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2103","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207219","article-title":"Association of Brain Age, Lesion Volume, and Functional Outcome in Patients With Stroke","volume":"100","author":"Liew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25015","article-title":"The ENIGMA Stroke Recovery Working Group: Big data neuroimaging to study brain-behavior relationships after stroke","volume":"43","author":"Liew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.03.010","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurological disorders. Updated report of an IFCN committee","volume":"150","author":"Vucic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.02.001","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an IFCN Committee","volume":"126","author":"Rossini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200409000-00007","article-title":"The maximum-likelihood strategy for determining transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold, using parameter estimation by sequential testing is faster than conventional methods with similar precision","volume":"20","author":"Mishory","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg044","article-title":"Remote changes in cortical excitability after stroke","volume":"126","author":"Butefisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toepp, S.L., Turco, C.V., Reshi, R.S., and Nelson, A.J. (2021). The distribution and reliability of TMS-evoked short- and long-latency afferent interactions. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260663"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windhorst, U., and Johansson, H. (1999). Modern Techniques in Neuroscience Research, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58552-4"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.10.005","article-title":"Short-latency sensory afferent inhibition: Conditioning stimulus intensity, recording site, and effects of 1 Hz repetitive TMS","volume":"4","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2013.850401","article-title":"Individualized brain inhibition and excitation profile in response to paired-pulse TMS","volume":"46","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asmussen, M.J., Jacobs, M.F., Lee, K.G.H., Zapallow, C.M., and Nelson, A.J. (2013). Short-Latency Afferent Inhibition Modulation during Finger Movement. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060496"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.09.009","article-title":"Short- and long-latency afferent inhibition; uses, mechanisms and influencing factors","volume":"11","author":"Turco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.002","article-title":"State of the art: Pharmacologic effects on cortical excitability measures tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Paulus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200312000-00007","article-title":"Do electrically stimulated sensory inputs and movements lead to long-term plasticity and rehabilitation gains?","volume":"16","author":"Dobkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00497.2019","article-title":"Somatosensory changes associated with motor skill learning","volume":"123","author":"Mirdamadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.08.005","article-title":"State of intracortical inhibitory interneuron activity in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"124","author":"Honaga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turco, C.V., Locke, M.B., El\u2014Sayes, J., Tommerdahl, M., and Nelson, A.J. (2018). Exploring behavioral correlates of afferent inhibition. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8040064"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, A., Schranz, C., and Seo, N.J. (2023). Associating Functional Neural Connectivity and Specific Aspects of Sensorimotor Control in Chronic Stroke. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125398"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15659","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15659","article-title":"Different aspects of hand grip performance associated with structural connectivity of distinct sensorimotor networks in chronic stroke","volume":"11","author":"Schranz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.07.015","article-title":"Reduced sensorimotor inhibition in the ipsilesional motor cortex in a patient with chronic stroke of the paramedian thalamus","volume":"116","author":"Oliviero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"804","article-title":"Short-latency afferent inhibition remains intact without cortical somatosensory input: Evidence from a patient with isolated thalamic infarct","volume":"14","author":"Alaydin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodul."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-5-36","article-title":"Preserved motor learning after stroke is related to the degree of proprioceptive deficit","volume":"5","author":"Vidoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Sensory Impairment on Hand Functional Improvement with Therapy and Sensory Stimulation","volume":"4","author":"Blaschke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurorehabilit."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307305523","article-title":"Sensory loss in hospital-admitted people with stroke: Characteristics, associated factors, and relationship with function","volume":"22","author":"Tyson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130271","article-title":"How do somatosensory deficits in the arm and hand relate to upper limb impairment, activity, and participation problems after stroke? A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683211028243","article-title":"The Strength of the Corticospinal Tract Not the Reticulospinal Tract Determines Upper-Limb Impairment Level and Capacity for Skill-Acquisition in the Sub-Acute Post-Stroke Period","volume":"35","author":"Hammerbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.02.018","article-title":"The unsolved role of heightened connectivity from the unaffected hemisphere to paretic arm muscles in chronic stroke","volume":"130","author":"Hammerbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00715.2017","article-title":"Abnormally reduced primary motor cortex output is related to impaired hand function in chronic stroke","volume":"120","author":"Buetefisch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00074","article-title":"Principles of Neurorehabilitation after Stroke Based on Motor Learning and Brain Plasticity Mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286419878317","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419878317","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: Review of the current evidence and pitfalls","volume":"12","author":"Fisicaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2019.00016","article-title":"Putting the \u201csensory\u201d into sensorimotor control: The role of sensorimotor integration in goal-directed hand movements after stroke","volume":"13","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06224-w","article-title":"Effect of novel training to normalize altered finger force direction post-stroke: Study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Seo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"183","article-title":"Paired associative stimulation modulates corticomotor excitability in chronic stroke: A preliminary investigation","volume":"36","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146394","article-title":"Reliability of transcranial magnetic stimulation measures of afferent inhibition","volume":"1723","author":"Turco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.07.011","article-title":"The reliability of commonly used electrophysiology measures","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148353","article-title":"Effectiveness and electrophysiological mechanisms of focal vibration on upper limb motor dysfunction in patients with subacute stroke: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"1809","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.02.014","article-title":"Muscle redundancy does not imply robustness to muscle dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"Kutch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh432","article-title":"Kinetic and kinematic workspaces of the index finger following stroke","volume":"128","author":"Cruz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106724","article-title":"Use of cyproheptadine hydrochloride (HCl) to reduce neuromuscular hypertonicity in stroke survivors: A Randomized Trial: Reducing Hypertonicity in Stroke","volume":"31","author":"Kamper","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.07.014","article-title":"Interhemispheric sensorimotor integration; an upper limb phenomenon?","volume":"333","author":"Ruddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319860481","article-title":"PREP2 Algorithm Predictions Are Correct at 2 Years Poststroke for Most Patients","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/3\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:17Z","timestamp":1760105357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/3\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14030253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14030253","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}