{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T02:11:47Z","timestamp":1769825507392,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: tinnitus is a common and often debilitating condition with limited evidence-based treatment options. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an approved treatment modality for certain neurological conditions; its experimental use as a treatment modality for severe tinnitus is novel and beginning to show promise. This systematic review focuses on the current evidence for the safety and efficacy of DBS for treatment of refractory tinnitus. Methods: a systematic search in PubMed and EMBASE was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies on DBS of non-cortical structures for the primary indication of tinnitus treatment. Three studies were identified as meeting these criteria, one of which had two related sub-studies. Results: seven patients with available data who underwent DBS for tinnitus were identified. DBS targets included nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule (vALIC), caudate nucleus, and the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the thalamus. All studies used the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) as a primary outcome measure. DBS of the caudate was most commonly reported (n = 5), with a mean TFI improvement of 23.3 points. Only one subject underwent DBS targeting the NAc\/vALIC (extrapolated TFI improvement 46.8) and one subject underwent DBS targeting the MGB (TFI improvement 59 points). Conclusions: DBS is a promising treatment option for refractory subjective tinnitus, with early data, from small patient cohorts in multiple studies, suggesting its safety and efficacy. Further studies with a larger patient population are needed to support this safety and efficacy before implementing this treatment to daily practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T09:50:07Z","timestamp":1714470607000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Deep Brain Stimulation for Primary Refractory Tinnitus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Landon","family":"Basner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasper V.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center, 6419 PC Heerlen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Head and Neck Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center, 6419 PC Sittard, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Zeitler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth R.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6787-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiyush","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrokh","family":"Farrokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences and Spine, Virginia Mason Franciscan Health, Seattle, WA 98101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus","volume":"151","author":"Tunkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. 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