{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:48:18Z","timestamp":1784080098996,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment has repeatedly been found in paranoid schizophrenia. The current study aims at investigating whether this is related to a deficit in ToM (undermentalizing) or an increased ToM ability to hyperattribute others\u2019 mental states (overmentalizing). Methods: Mental state attribution was examined in 24 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (12 acute paranoid (APS) and 12 post-acute paranoid (PPS)) with regard to positive symptoms as well as matched healthy persons using a moving shapes paradigm. We used 3-T-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to provide insights into the neural underpinnings of ToM due to attributional processes in different states of paranoid schizophrenia. Results: In the condition that makes demands on theory of mind skills (ToM condition), in patients with diagnosed schizophrenia less appropriate mental state descriptions have been used, and they attributed mental states less often to the moving shapes than healthy persons. On a neural level, patients suffering from schizophrenia exhibited within the ToM network hypoactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and hyperactivity in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) as compared to the healthy sample. Conclusions: Our results indicate both undermentalizing and hypoactivity in the MPFC and increased overattribution related to hyperactivity in the TPJ in paranoid schizophrenia, providing new implications for understanding ToM in paranoid schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1714639377000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Two Sides of Theory of Mind: Mental State Attribution to Moving Shapes in Paranoid Schizophrenia Is Independent of the Severity of Positive Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1530-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarita","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medcial Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Meindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0792-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Musil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim Laura","family":"Austerschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum OWL, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2708-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk W.","family":"Eilert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Leopold-Franzens-University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Driessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum OWL, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Beblo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum OWL, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Hennig-Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum OWL, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00076512","article-title":"Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?","volume":"1","author":"Premack","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90022-8","article-title":"Does the autistic child have a theory of mind?","volume":"21","author":"Leslie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"735","article-title":"The possibility of different forms of theory of mind impairment in psychiatric and developmental disorders","volume":"30","author":"Bailey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044046","article-title":"The structure of social cognition: In(ter)dependence of sociocognitive processes","volume":"68","author":"Bird","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990198","article-title":"A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder","volume":"21","author":"Fonagy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2022.100249","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: An expert group paper on the current state of the art","volume":"29","author":"Harvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"247","article-title":"Impaired theory of mind in schizophrenia","volume":"7","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi002","article-title":"\u201cTheory of mind\u201d in schizophrenia: A review of the literature","volume":"31","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000064254","article-title":"Brains, biases, deficits and disorders","volume":"167","author":"Bentall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.10.021","article-title":"Theory of mind in schizophrenia: The role of clinical symptomatology and neurocognition in understanding other people\u2019s thoughts and intentions","volume":"165","author":"Sonntag","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000105995.67947.fc","article-title":"Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: Diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates","volume":"192","author":"Greig","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.4.527","article-title":"Cognitive neuropsychiatric models of persecutory delusions","volume":"158","author":"Blackwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001338","article-title":"Do people with schizophrenia display theory of mind deficits in clinical interactions?","volume":"34","author":"McCabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001326","article-title":"Schizophrenia and theory of mind","volume":"34","author":"Frith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frith, C.D. (2015). The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia: Classic Edition, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315785011"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.4.1377","article-title":"The neuropsychology of autism","volume":"119","author":"Frith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.08.019","article-title":"Mentalizing impairment in schizophrenia: A functional mri study","volume":"134","author":"Das","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.02.022","article-title":"Theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia: Is mentalizing delayed?","volume":"137","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.035899","article-title":"Theory of mind in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"Sprong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00432","article-title":"A study of theory of mind in paranoid schizophrenia: A theory or many theories?","volume":"3","author":"Scherzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennig-Fast, K., Meissner, D., Steuwe, C., Dehning, S., Blautzik, J., Eilert, D.W., Zill, P., M\u00fcller, N., Meindl, T., and Reiser, M. (2023). The interplay of oxytocin and attachment in schizophrenic patients: An fMRI study. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081125"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbj011","article-title":"Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits: What is the nature of their relationship?","volume":"32","author":"Harvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00119-2","article-title":"Abnormalities of brain function during a nonverbal theory of mind task in schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Brunet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00915.x","article-title":"Paranoia and social reasoning: An attribution theory analysis","volume":"30","author":"Bentall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.5.463","article-title":"Sensitivity of paranoid patients to nonverbal cues","volume":"87","author":"LaRusso","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2022.2106512","article-title":"Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A comparison of subgroups with low and high iq","volume":"77","author":"Sahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsn047","article-title":"Dysfunction of the social brain in schizophrenia is modulated by intention type: An fMRI study","volume":"4","author":"Walter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.11.051","article-title":"Cognitive abilities and theory of mind in explaining communicative-pragmatic disorders in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"260","author":"Parola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.05.002","article-title":"Emotion perception, non-social cognition and symptoms as predictors of theory of mind in schizophrenia","volume":"85","author":"Vaskinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.044","article-title":"Theory of mind correlates with clinical insight but not cognitive insight in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.10.018","article-title":"Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia","volume":"149","author":"Shur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.2.107","article-title":"A neuroethological framework for the representation of minds","volume":"4","author":"Brothers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.09.006","article-title":"Different aspects of theory of mind in paranoid schizophrenia: Evidence from a video-based assessment","volume":"186","author":"Montag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.01.024","article-title":"Theory of mind in schizophrenia: Error types and associations with symptoms","volume":"162","author":"Fretland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.11.1803","article-title":"Two takes on the social brain: A comparison of theory of mind tasks","volume":"19","author":"Gobbini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21287","article-title":"Shared neural circuits for mentalizing about the self and others","volume":"22","author":"Lombardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1218","article-title":"Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing","volume":"358","author":"Frith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929055002418","article-title":"The link between social cognition and self-referential thought in the medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bock, G., and Goode, J. (2003). Autism: Neural Basis and Treatment Possibilities, Novartis Foundation.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470869380"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.023","article-title":"An fMRI study of theory of mind in schizophrenic patients with \u201cpassivity\u201d symptoms","volume":"46","author":"Lissek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407304654","article-title":"The role of the right temporoparietal junction in social interaction: How low-level computational processes contribute to meta-cognition","volume":"13","author":"Decety","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1926","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of social cognition in schizophrenia during an acute episode and after recovery","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2307\/1416950","article-title":"An experimental study of apparent behavior","volume":"57","author":"Heider","year":"1944","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0064","article-title":"Rational quantitative attribution of beliefs, desires and percepts in human mentalizing","volume":"1","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168739","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1168739","article-title":"When shapes are more than shapes: Perceptual, developmental, and neurophysiological basis for attributions of animacy and theory of mind","volume":"14","author":"Torabian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00671","article-title":"Attributing social meaning to ambiguous visual stimuli in higher-functioning autism and asperger syndrome: The social attribution task","volume":"41","author":"Klin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(00)00014-9","article-title":"Do triangles play tricks? Attribution of mental states to animated shapes in normal and abnormal development","volume":"15","author":"Abell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf189","article-title":"Autism, asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes","volume":"125","author":"Castelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.06.022","article-title":"Measuring theory of mind in schizophrenia research: Cross-cultural validation","volume":"201","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.5406\/amerjpsyc.133.3.0295","article-title":"Attributing social meaning to animated shapes: A new experimental study of apparent behavior","volume":"133","author":"Ratajska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118223","article-title":"Seeing things differently: Gaze shapes neural signal during mentalizing according to emotional awareness","volume":"238","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361315617589","article-title":"Predicting social and communicative ability in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study of the social attribution task, multiple choice","volume":"20","author":"Saulnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3663-1","article-title":"Measuring individual differences in cognitive, affective, and spontaneous theory of mind among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"48","author":"Altschuler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290342000005","article-title":"Neural foundations for understanding social and mechanical concepts","volume":"20","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003385","article-title":"Theory of mind impairments in schizophrenia: Symptomatology, severity and specificity","volume":"31","author":"Pickup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.05.018","article-title":"Theory of mind deficits in chronic schizophrenia: Evidence for state dependence","volume":"158","author":"Pousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.12.020","article-title":"Theory of mind impairment in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Bora","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800444000056","article-title":"Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review","volume":"10","author":"Harrington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.12.015","article-title":"Theory of mind in first-episode schizophrenia patients: Correlations with cognition and personality traits","volume":"119","author":"Koelkebeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Wittchen, H.-U., Zaudig, M., and Fydrich, T. (1997). Skid-i und Skid-ii. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr dsm-iv, Hogrefe."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (panss) for schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Zimmermann, P., and Fimm, B. (2007). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitspr\u00fcfung (Tap), Psytest. Version 2.1."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Schmidt, K.H., and Metzler, P. (1992). Wortschatztest, Beltz."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Goebel, R., and Jansma, H. (2018, April 11). Available online: https:\/\/support.brainvoyager.com\/brainvoyager\/installation-introduction\/26-release-notes\/139-brainvoyager-qx-1-10-release-notes."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Talairach, J., and Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.015","article-title":"When the brain loses its self: Prefrontal inactivation during sensorimotor processing","volume":"50","author":"Goldberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.024","article-title":"The social-emotional processing stream: Five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond","volume":"64","author":"Ochsner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.10.002","article-title":"Do you see what I see? Interpretations of intentional movement in schizophrenia","volume":"81","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00092.x","article-title":"Alterations in theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia and non-psychotic relatives","volume":"108","author":"Janssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002703","article-title":"Perspective-taking deficits in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective investigation","volume":"34","author":"Schiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab025","article-title":"Changes in default-mode network associated with childhood trauma in schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Dauvermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044682","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1044682","article-title":"Associations between theory of mind and clinical symptoms in recent onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cayouette","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac150","article-title":"Disentangling the relationships between the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and theory of mind: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Thibaudeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108708","article-title":"Resting state network connectivity is associated with cognitive flexibility performance in youth in the adolescent brain cognitive development study","volume":"191","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6223","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006223","article-title":"Hyperactivity of the default-mode network in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia at rest revealed by family-based case\u2013control and traditional case\u2013control designs","volume":"96","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/5\/461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:38:57Z","timestamp":1760107137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/14\/5\/461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci14050461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci14050461","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]}}}