{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:36:33Z","timestamp":1793172993308,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperserotonemia is one of the most studied endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but there are still no unequivocal results about its causes or biological and behavioral outcomes. This systematic review summarizes the studies investigating the relationship between blood serotonin (5-HT) levels and ASD, comparing diagnostic tools, analytical methods, and clinical outcomes. A literature search on peripheral 5-HT levels and ASD was conducted. In total, 1104 publications were screened, of which 113 entered the present systematic review. Of these, 59 articles reported hyperserotonemia in subjects with ASD, and 26 presented correlations between 5-HT levels and ASD-core clinical outcomes. The 5-HT levels are increased in about half, and correlations between hyperserotonemia and clinical outcomes are detected in a quarter of the studies. The present research highlights a large amount of heterogeneity in this field, ranging from the characterization of ASD and control groups to diagnostic and clinical assessments, from blood sampling procedures to analytical methods, allowing us to delineate critical topics for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T03:21:04Z","timestamp":1715311264000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Systematic Review on Autism and Hyperserotonemia: State-of-the-Art, Limitations, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4953-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Cruciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9336-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Zaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia Fernanda","family":"Spitoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306-354, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2012-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0515-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Carducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rome Technopole Foundation, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2314-6139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Leuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Pascucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centro \u201cDaniel Bovet\u201d, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). 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