{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:26:11Z","timestamp":1792877171423,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with supratentorial cavernous malformations (SCMs) commonly present with seizures. First-line treatments for cavernoma-related epilepsy (CRE) include conservative management (antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)) and surgery. We compared seizure outcomes of CRE patients after early (\u22646 months) vs. delayed (&gt;6 months) surgery. Methods: We compared outcomes of CRE patients with SCMs surgically treated at our large-volume cerebrovascular center (1 January 2010\u201331 July 2020). Patients with 1 sporadic SCM and \u22651-year follow-up were included. Primary outcomes were International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class 1 seizure freedom and AED independence. Results: Of 63 CRE patients (26 women, 37 men; mean \u00b1 SD age, 36.1 \u00b1 14.6 years), 48 (76%) vs. 15 (24%) underwent early (mean \u00b1 SD, 2.1 \u00b1 1.7 months) vs. delayed (mean \u00b1 SD, 6.2 \u00b1 7.1 years) surgery. Most (32 (67%)) with early surgery presented after 1 seizure; all with delayed surgery had \u22652 seizures. Seven (47%) with delayed surgery had drug-resistant epilepsy. At follow-up (mean \u00b1 SD, 5.4 \u00b1 3.3 years), CRE patients with early surgery were more likely to have ILAE class 1 seizure freedom and AED independence than those with delayed surgery (92% (44\/48) vs. 53% (8\/15), p = 0.002; and 65% (31\/48) vs. 33% (5\/15), p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Early CRE surgery demonstrated better seizure outcomes than delayed surgery. Multicenter prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1715673788000},"page":"494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessing the Relationship between Surgical Timing and Postoperative Seizure Outcomes in Cavernoma-Related Epilepsy: A Single-Institution Retrospective Analysis of 63 Patients with a Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8502-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Nico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher O.","family":"Adereti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashia M.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bianconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anant","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam T.","family":"Eberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere J.","family":"Cifre Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan W.","family":"Koester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel L.","family":"Malnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon M.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle N.","family":"Hartke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan A.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua S.","family":"Catapano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63640-9.00021-7","article-title":"Natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Ene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. 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