{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:04:33Z","timestamp":1793304273219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR-2021-12374005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2021-12374005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: People with Parkinson\u2019s disease (pwPD) present alterations of spatiotemporal gait parameters that impact walking ability. While preliminary studies suggested that dual-task gait training improves spatiotemporal gait parameters, it remains unclear whether dual-task gait training specifically improves dual-task gait performance compared to single-task gait training. The aim of this review is to assess the effect of dual-task training relative to single-task gait training on specific gait parameters during dual-task tests in pwPD. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), searching three electronic databases. Two reviewers independently selected RCTs, extracted data, and applied the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (Version 2) and the GRADE framework for assessing the certainty of evidence. The primary outcomes were dual-task gait speed, stride length, and cadence. Secondary outcomes included dual-task costs on gait speed, balance confidence, and quality of life. Results: We included 14 RCTs (548 patients). Meta-analyses showed effects favoring dual-task training over single-task training in improving dual-task gait speed (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20\u20130.77; 11 studies; low certainty evidence), stride length (mean difference [MD] = 0.09 m, 95% CI = 0.04\u20130.14; 4 studies; very low certainty evidence), and cadence (MD = 5.45 steps\/min, 95% CI = 3.59\u20137.31; 5 studies; very low certainty evidence). We also found a significant effect of dual-task training over single-task training on dual-task cost and quality of life, but not on balance confidence. Conclusions: Our findings support the use of dual-task training relative to single-task training to improve dual-task spatiotemporal gait parameters in pwPD. Further studies are encouraged to better define the features of dual-task training and the clinical characteristics of pwPD to identify better responders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:06:41Z","timestamp":1716203201000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dual-Task vs. Single-Task Gait Training to Improve Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Sarasso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4091-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Pietro","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Agosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Corbetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Recovery, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00280-3","article-title":"Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment","volume":"7","author":"Aarsland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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