{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:34:06Z","timestamp":1787747646411,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Reverse Rett","award":["RE16403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE16403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Remethylation disorders such as 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency reduce the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. The resulting hyperhomocysteinemia can lead to serious neurological consequences and multisystem toxicity. The role of MTHFR genotypes has not been investigated in patients with Rett Syndrome (RTT). In this study, we sought to assess the impact of co-occurring MTHFR genotypes on symptom profiles in RTT. Method: Using pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing, the MTHFR genetic polymorphisms rs1801133 (c.665C&gt;T mutation) and rs1801131 (c.1286A&gt;C mutation) were determined in 65 patients (18.7 years \u00b1 12.1 [mean \u00b1 standard deviation]) with RTT as part of routine clinical care within the Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, a National and Specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) in the UK. The clinical severity of patients was assessed using the RTT-anchored Clinical Global Impression Scale (RTT-CGI). Results: The clinical severity symptom distribution varied between the homozygous and heterozygous MTHFR rs1801133 and rs1801131 genotypes. Those with the homozygous genotype had a narrower spread of severity scores across several domains (language and communication, ambulation, hand-use and eye contact clinical domains). Patients with the homozygous genotype had statistically significantly greater CGI-Severity scores than individuals with a non-homozygous MTHFR genotype (Z = \u22122.44, p = 0.015). When comparing the ratings of moderately impaired (4), markedly impaired (5), severely impaired (6) and extremely impaired (7), individuals with the homozygous MTHFR genotype were more impaired than those with the non-homozygous MTHFR genotype (Z = \u22122.06, p = 0.039). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of prescribed anti-epileptic drugs between the genotypes. Conclusions: Our findings show that in those with a pathogenic RTT genetic variant, co-occurring homozygotic MTHFR rs1801133 and rs1801131 polymorphisms may act as associative genetic modifiers of clinical severity in a subset of patients. Profiling of rs1801133 and rs1801131 in RTT may therefore be useful, especially for high-risk patients who may be at the most risk from symptom deterioration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T08:42:03Z","timestamp":1719218523000},"page":"624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Co-Occurring Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133 and rs1801131 Genotypes as Associative Genetic Modifiers of Clinical Severity in Rett Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jatinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0884-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Goodman-Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiya","family":"Chishti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0907-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Bonilla Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetica Consulting Services, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leighton","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zvi","family":"Zahavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myogenes Limited, Borehamwood WD6 4PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4830-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paramala","family":"Santosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases (CIPPRD), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology (CIPP) Rett Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy323","article-title":"Towards a better diagnosis and treatment of Rett syndrome: A model synaptic disorder","volume":"142","author":"Banerjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02169-6","article-title":"Global prevalence of Rett syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Petriti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. 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